Opioid agonist peptides and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to opioid agonist peptides and their use.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/128,352, filed on Sep. 11, 2018; which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/663,660, filed on Apr.27, 2018; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/556,900, filed on Sep.11, 2017; all of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Mar. 6, 2019, isnamed PRTH_028_03US_ST25.txt and is 160 KB in size.

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial disorder marked byrecurrent abdominal pain or discomfort and altered bowel function. Itaffects between 10 and 20 percent of people in the developed world,about one-third of whom have IBS associated with diarrhea (IBS-D). IBS-Dis commonly treated with loperamide, an opioid antidiarrheal agent withno analgesic properties, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine andprostaglandins in the gut, thereby reducing peristalsis and slowingintestinal transit time, which also favorably affects water andelectrolyte movement through the bowel. Serotonin (5-HT) also plays animportant role in the regulation of GI motility and the activation of5-HT3 receptors. Alosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor, has been used totreat abdominal pain and discomfort associated with IBS. Blockade of5-HT3 receptors on cholinergic nerve endings also inhibits colonicmotility, which can be beneficial for the treatment of IBS-D. However,alosetron is associated with potentially life-threatening ischemiccolitis, and its use is limited to women with severe, chronic IBS-D whohave failed to respond to conventional treatment.

Clearly, there is a need in the art for alternative treatments for IBSand other inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,including medicaments that reduce associated pain and discomfort andinhibit GI motility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioid agonistpeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence of Formula I:

(Formula I) (SEQ ID NO: 339) Y1-Y2-Y3-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-Y4-Y5-Y6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:Y1 is absent or any amino acid;Y2 is absent or any amino acid;Y3 is absent or any amino acid;X1 is Tyr, D-Tyr, a Tyr analog, Tic, a Tic analog, or a Phe analog;X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is any amino acid;X5 is absent or any amino acid;Y4 is absent or any amino acid;Y5 is absent or any amino acid; andY6 is absent or any amino acid.

In one particular embodiment, X5 is any N-methylamino acid, or X5 isselected from Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle,N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala,(D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides an opioid agonistpeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence of FormulaIa:

(Formula Ia) (SEQ ID NO: 357) X1-X2-X3-X4-X5or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(4-COX);

X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is Sar, or bhF unsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me,2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH; andX5 is absent or any amino acid;wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine;Phe(4-COX) is substituted or unsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂; andprovided that when X1 is Tyr; then X4 is bhF unsubstituted orsubstituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl,2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH, and X5 is N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioid agonistpeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence of FormulaIIa, IIb, or IIc:

(Formula IIa) (SEQ ID NO: 340) DMT-X2-X3-X4-X5; (Formula IIb) (SEQ IDNO: 341) Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-X4-X5; or (Formula IIc) (SEQ ID NO: 342)Tyr-X2-X3-X4-X5;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine; Phe(4-COX) is substituted orunsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂; each of X2 and X3is independently any amino acid; X4 is substituted or unsubstituted Phe,substituted or unsubstituted bhF or b-homoPhe, or any N-methylaminoacid; and X5 is absent, any amino acid or any N-methylamino acid.

In a particular embodiment, X5 is an N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, when the peptide is according to Formula IIa, X4 isN-methylamino acid; then X2 is Tic, (D)Tic, Ala, (D)Ala, Asp, (D)Asp,Thr, (D)Thr, Glu, or (D)Glu. In another embodiment, when the peptide isaccording to Formula IIa, X4 is substituted or unsubstituted Phe; thenX5 is N-methylamino acid, or Gly. In another embodiment, when thepeptide is according to formula IIc; then X4 is bhF and X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioid agonistpeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence of FormulaIIIa, IIIb, or IIIc:

(SEQ ID NO: 343) DMT-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIa); (SEQ ID NO: 344)Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIb); or (SEQ ID NO: 345)Tyr-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIc);or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein DMT, Phe(4-COX), bhF, X2, X3, and X5 are as described forFormula IIa-IIc.

In a particular embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioidagonist peptide comprising or consisting of a sequence set forth inTable 3B, SEQ ID NOs: 1-153, Table 3C, SEQ ID NOs: 154-187 Table 3E, SEQID NPs: 188-266, Table 3F, SEQ ID NOs: 267-273, or SEQ ID Nos: 274-336.

In a particular embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioidagonist peptide comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1-5 or7-274. In a particular embodiment, the present disclosure includes anopioid agonist peptide comprising or consisting of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-5 or 7-336.

In a related embodiment, the present disclosure includes an opioidagonist peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence ofany of Formulas I-XVIIIl or SEQ ID NOs: 339-357, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof. In a related embodiment, the presentdisclosure includes an opioid agonist peptide dimer, comprising twopeptide monomers, wherein each peptide monomer comprises or consists ofan amino acid sequence of any of Formulas I-XVIIIl or SEQ ID NOs:339-357, and wherein the two peptides are connected via a linker moiety,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In a further embodiment, the present disclosure provides apharmaceutical composition comprising an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof disclosed herein, oran opioid agonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptablediluent, carrier, or excipient.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method ofinhibiting or reducing gastrointestinal motility in a subject in needthereof, comprising providing to the subject an effective amount of apharmaceutical composition comprising an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof disclosed herein, oran opioid agonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptablediluent, carrier, or excipient.

In a related embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method oftreating or preventing pain or a gastrointestinal disease or condition,comprising providing to a subject in need thereof an effective amount ofa pharmaceutical composition comprising an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof disclosed herein, oran opioid agonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptablediluent, carrier, or excipient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1C are graphs demonstrating the ability of an illustrativeopioid agonist peptide to inhibit gastrointestinal mobility as comparedto eluxadoline when orally administered at the indicated dosages. FIG.1A provides dose response data generated in a charcoal transit smallintestine assay; and FIGS. 1B and 1C provide dose response datagenerated in an animal model of gastrointestinal transit.

FIGS. 2A-2B provide graphs demonstrating the ability of two illustrativeopioid agonist peptides to reduce pain when orally administrated at theindicated dosages. FIG. 2A provides dose response data for the delay inwrithing associated with the opioid agonist peptides as compared toloperamide; and FIG. 2B provides dose response data for the total numberof writhes as compared to loperamide. ns indicates p>0.05, * indicatesp<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001, and **** indicatesp<0.0001.

FIGS. 3A-3B provide graphs demonstrating the ability of two illustrativeopioid agonist peptides to reduce pain when orally administrated at theindicated dosages. FIG. 3A provides dose response data for the latencyto first writhe associated with the opioid agonist peptides as comparedto oral eluxadoline, loperamide, and morphine; and FIG. 3B provides doseresponse data for the total number of writhes in a ten minute session ascompared to oral eluxadoline, loperamide, and morphine. ns indicatesp>0.05, * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001,and **** indicates p<0.0001.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides novel opioid agonist peptides, includingbut not limited to peptide monomers and peptide dimers, capable ofagonizing one or both of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) or delta opioidreceptor (DOR). Opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein are stableunder gastrointestinal conditions, and they inhibit gastrointestinalmotility. Accordingly, they may be administered orally to subjects,e.g., to treat or prevent gastrointestinal or inflammatory diseases,including but not limited to, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), IBS withdiarrhea (IBS-D), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis,Crohn's disease and Celiac disease.

Definitions

Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used inthis application shall have the meanings that are commonly understood bythose of ordinary skill in the art. Generally, nomenclature used inconnection with, and techniques of, chemistry, molecular biology, celland cancer biology, immunology, microbiology, pharmacology, and proteinand nucleic acid chemistry, described herein, are those well-known andcommonly used in the art.

As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to themunless specified otherwise.

Throughout this specification, the word “comprise” or variations such as“comprises” or “comprising” will be understood to imply the inclusion ofa stated integer (or components) or group of integers (or components),but not the exclusion of any other integer (or components) or group ofintegers (or components).

The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plurals unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise.

The term “including” is used to mean “including but not limited to.”“Including” and “including but not limited to” are used interchangeably.

The terms “patient,” “subject,” and “individual” may be usedinterchangeably and refer to either a human or a non-human animal. Theseterms include mammals such as humans, non-human primates, livestockanimals (e.g., bovines, porcines), companion animals (e.g., canines,felines) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats).

The term “peptide,” as used herein, refers broadly to a sequence of twoor more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It should beunderstood that this term does not indicate a specific length of apolymer of amino acids, nor is it intended to imply or distinguishwhether the polypeptide is produced using recombinant techniques,chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or is naturally occurring.

The term “conservative substitution” as used herein denotes that one ormore amino acids are replaced by another, biologically similar residue.Examples include substitution of amino acid residues with similarcharacteristics, e.g., small amino acids, acidic amino acids, polaramino acids, basic amino acids, hydrophobic amino acids and aromaticamino acids. See, for example, the table below. One example of aconservative substitution with a residue normally not found inendogenous, mammalian peptides and proteins is the conservativesubstitution of Arg or Lys with, for example, omithine, canavanine,aminoethylcysteine or another basic amino acid. For further informationconcerning phenotypically silent substitutions in peptides and proteins,see, for example, Bowie et. al. Science 247, 1306-1310, 1990. In thescheme below, conservative substitutions of amino acids are grouped byphysicochemical properties. I: neutral, hydrophilic, II: acids andamides, III: basic, IV: hydrophobic, V: aromatic, bulky amino acids.

I II III IV V A N H M F S D R L Y T E K I W P Q V G C

In the scheme below, conservative substitutions of amino acids aregrouped by physicochemical properties. VI: neutral or hydrophobic, VII:acidic, VIII: basic, IX: polar, X: aromatic.

VI VII VIII IX X A E H M F L D R S Y I K T W P C G N V Q

The term “amino acid” or “any amino acid” as used here refers to any andall amino acids, including naturally occurring amino acids (e.g.,a-amino acids or α-amino acids), unnatural amino acids, modified aminoacids, and non-natural amino acids. It includes both D- and L-aminoacids. Natural amino acids include those found in nature, such as, e.g.,the 23 amino acids that combine into peptide chains to form thebuilding-blocks of a vast array of proteins. These are primarily Lstereoisomers, although a few D-amino acids occur in bacterial envelopesand some antibiotics. The 20 “standard,” natural amino acids are listedin the above tables. The “non-standard,” natural amino acids arepyrrolysine (found in methanogenic organisms and other eukaryotes),selenocysteine (present in many noneukaryotes as well as mosteukaryotes), and N-formylmethionine (encoded by the start codon AUG inbacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts). “Unnatural” or “non-natural”amino acids are non-proteinogenic acids (i.e., those not naturallyencoded or found in the genetic code) that either occur naturally or arechemically synthesized. Over 140 unnatural amino acids are known andthousands of more combinations are possible. Examples of “unnatural”amino acids include β-amino acids (β³ and β²), homo-amino acids, prolineand pyruvic acid derivatives, 3-substituted alanine derivatives, glycinederivatives, ring-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives,linear core amino acids, diamino acids, D-amino acids, alpha-methylamino acids and N-methyl amino acids. Unnatural or non-natural aminoacids also include modified amino acids. “Modified” amino acids includeamino acids (e.g., natural amino acids) that have been chemicallymodified to include a group, groups, or chemical moiety not naturallypresent on the amino acid. According to certain embodiments, a peptideinhibitor comprises an intramolecular bond between two amino acidresidues present in the peptide inhibitor. It is understood that theamino acid residues that form the bond will be altered somewhat whenbonded to each other as compared to when not bonded to each other.Reference to a particular amino acid is meant to encompass that aminoacid in both its unbonded and bonded state, e.g., before and aftercross-link formation.

For the most part, the names of naturally occurring and non-naturallyoccurring aminoacyl residues used herein follow the naming conventionssuggested by the IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of OrganicChemistry and the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature asset out in “Nomenclature of α-Amino Acids (Recommendations, 1974)”Biochemistry, 14(2), (1975). To the extent that the names andabbreviations of amino acids and aminoacyl residues employed in thisspecification and appended claims differ from those suggestions, theywill be made clear to the reader. Some abbreviations useful indescribing the invention are defined below in the following Table 1.

TABLE 1 Abbreviations of Non-Natural Amino Acids and Chemical Moieties(for amino acid derivatives, all L unless stated) AbbreviationDefinition Ac— Acetyl Hy Hydrogen (Free N-terminal) Dap or DapaL-Diaminopropionic acid Dab or Daba L-Diaminobutyric acid AbaL-aminobutyric acid DIG Diglycolic acid Orn L-Ornathine PenL-Penicillamine Sarc or Sar Sarcosine Phe-(4-Guanidino)4-Guanidine-L-Phenylalanine N(Me)Arg or N(Me)R N-Methyl-L-ArginineN(Me)Trp N-Methyl-L-Tryptophan N(Me)Gln N-Methyl-L-Glutamine N(Me)Ala orN(Me)Ala N-Methyl-L-Alanine N(Me)a or N(Me)-a N-Methyl-D-AlanineN(Me)bAla N-Methyl-beta-Alanine N(Me)Lys or N(Me)K N-Methyl-LysineN(Me)Asn N-Methyl-L-Asparagine N(Me)Nle N-Methyl-L-Norleucine N(Me)F orN(Me)Phe N-Methyl-L-phenylalanine 6-ChloroTrp 6-Chloro-L-Tryptophan5-HydroxyTrp or 5-Hydroxy-L-Tryptophan Trp(5-OH) Phe(4-OMe) or4-Methoxy-L-phenylalanine Y(OMe) Bip L-4,4′-Biphenylalanine β-Alabeta-Alanine β-hTyr beta homo-L-Tyrosine hTyr or hY homo-L-Tyrosine hyhomo-D-Tyrosine y or (D)Tyr D-Tyrosine meta-Tyr or3-Hydroxy-L-Phenylalanine Phe(3-OH) β-hTrp beta homo-L-Trptophan β-hAlabeta homo-L-Alanine β-hLeu beta homo-L-Leucine β-hVal beta homo-L-ValineTic (3S)-1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroisoquinoline-7- hydroxy-3-carboxylic AciddTic or (D)Tic (3R)-1,2,3,4- Tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-hydroxy-3-carboxylic Acid Phe(4-OMe) 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine N(Me)-LysN-Methyl-L-Lysine N(Me)-Lys(Ac) N-ε-Acetyl-D-lysine CONH₂ CarboxamideN(trifluoroethyl)Gly N(trifluoroethyl)Glycine N(cyclohexyl)GlyN(cyclohexyl)Glycine N(amyl)Gly N(amyl)Glycine N(hexadecyl)GlyN(hexadecyl)Glycine N(3- N(3-isopropyloxypropyl) isopropyloxypropyl)GlyGlycine N(benzyl)Gly N(benzyl)Glycine N(Me)Phg N(Methyl)PhenylglycineN(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly N(cyclohexylmethyl)Glycine N(3-propanoic acid)GlyN(3-propanoic acid)Glycine N(phenethyl)Gly N(phenethyl)Glycine 2-Nal2-Nathyl Alanine N(Octyl)Gly N(Octyl)Glycine N(isopentyl)GlyN(isopentyl)Glycine COOH Carboxylic Acid Phe(4-F) or F(4-F)4-Fluoro-L-Phenylalanine DMT 2,6-DimethylTyrosine Phe(4-OMe)4-Methoxyphenylalanine hLeu L-homoLeucine hArg L-homoArginine α-MeLysalpha-methyl-L-Lysine α-MeOrn alpha-methyl-L-Ornathine α-MeLeualpha-methyl-L-Leucine α-MeTrp alpha-methyl-L-Tryptophan α-MePhealpha-methyl-L-Phenylalanine α-MeTyr alpha-methyl-L-Tyrosineα-DiethylGly α-DiethylGlycine Lys(Ac) N-ε-acetyl-L-Lysine DTTDithiothreotol Nle L-Norleucine βhPhe or L-β-homophenylalanineb-homoPhe, or b-hPhe or bhF βhPro L-β-homoproline Phe(4-CF₃)4-Trifluoromethyl-L-Phenylalanine β-Glu L-β-Glutamic acid βhGluL-β-homoglutamic acid Gla Gama-Carboxy-L-Glutamic acid Phe(4-Phenoxy)4-Phenoxy-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-OBzl) O-Benzyl-L-tyrosine Phe(4-CONH₂)4-Carbamoyl-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-CO₂H) 4-Carboxy-L-phenylalaninePhe(3,4-dichloro) or 3,4 dichloro-L-phenylalanine Phe(3,4-diCl)Tyr(3-t-Bu) 3-t-butyl-L-tyrosine Phe(4-t-Bu) 4-t-butyl-L-phenylalaninePhe[4-(2- aminoethoxy)]

  4-(2-aminoethoxy)-L-phenylalanine (aMe)Phe or (α-Me)PheAlpha-methyl-phenylalanine Phe(4-CN) 4-cyano-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-Br)4-bromo-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-NH₂) 4-amino-L-phenylalaninePhe(4-NHCOCH₃) or 4-acetylamino-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-acetamide)Phe(4-Me) or F(4-Me) 4-methyl-L-phenylalanine Phe(3,4-dimethoxy) or3,4-dimethoxy-L-phenylalanine Phe(3,4-diOMe) hPhe(3,4-dimethoxy) or3,4-dimethoxy-L-homophenylalanine hPhe(3,4-diOMe) Phe(2,4-dimethyl)2,4-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine Phe(3,5-difluoro)3,5-difluoro-L-phenylalanine Phe(pentafluoro)pentafluoro-L-phenylalanine 2,5,7-tert butyl Trp2,5,7-Tri-tert-butyl-L-tryptophan Tic

  L-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid Tic(7-OH)

Phe(4-OAllyl) 4-(O-Allyl)-L-phenylalanine Phe(4-N₃) 4-azidophenylalanineDMP(4-CONH₂) or Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂) Phe(DMC) DMTL-2,6-Dimethyl-tyrosine β-homoPhe(2-Me) (S)-3-Amino-4-(2-methyl-phenyl)-butyric acid β-homoPhe(3-Me) (S)-3-Amino-4-(3-methyl-phenyl)- butyricacid β-homoPhe(4-Me) (S)-3-Amino-4-(4-methyl-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(2-F) (S)-3-Amino-4-(2-fluoro-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(3-F) (S)-3-Amino-4-(3-fluoro-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(4-F) (S)-3-Amino-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(4-NO₂) (S)-3-Amino-4-(4-nitro-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(4-OH) L-β-homotryrosine β-homoTrp L-β-homotryptophaneβ-homoPhe(2-Br) (S)-3-Amino-4-(2-bromo-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(3-Br) (S)-3-Amino-4-(3-bromo-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(4-Br) (S)-3-Amino-4-(4-bromo-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(3-Cl) (S)-3-Amino-4-(3-chloro-phenyl)- butyric acidβ-homoPhe(4-I) (S)-3-Amino-4-(4-iodo-phenyl)- butyric acid DPA3,3-diphenyl-L-alanine

Throughout the present specification, unless naturally occurring aminoacids are referred to by their full name (e.g. alanine, arginine, etc.),they are designated by their conventional three-letter or single-letterabbreviations (e.g. Ala or A for alanine, Arg or R for arginine, etc.).Unless otherwise indicated, three-letter and single-letter abbreviationsof amino acids refer to the L-isomeric form of the amino acid inquestion. The term “L-amino acid,” as used herein, refers to the “L”isomeric form of a peptide, and conversely the term “D-amino acid”refers to the “D” isomeric form of a peptide (e.g., (D)Asp or (D)Phe).Amino acid residues in the D isomeric form can be substituted for anyL-amino acid residue, as long as the desired function is retained by thepeptide. D-amino acids may be indicated as customary in lower case whenreferred to using single-letter abbreviations.

In the case of less common or non-naturally occurring amino acids,unless they are referred to by their full name (e.g. sarcosine,omithine, etc.), frequently employed three- or four-character codes areemployed for residues thereof, including, Sar or Sarc (sarcosine, i.e.N-methylglycine), Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid), Dab (2,4-diaminobutanoicacid), Dapa (2,3-diaminopropanoic acid), γ-Glu (γ-glutamic acid), Gaba(γ-aminobutanoic acid), β-Pro (pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid), and 8Ado(8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid), Abu (2-amino butyric acid), βhPro(β-homoproline), βhPhe (β-homophenylalanine) and Bip (β,βdiphenylalanine), and Ida (Iminodiacetic acid).

As is clear to the skilled artisan, the peptide sequences disclosedherein are shown proceeding from left to right, with the left end of thesequence being the N-terminus of the peptide and the right end of thesequence being the C-terminus of the peptide. Peptides may include anN-terminal free amine group (NH₂) and/or a C-terminal free carboxylgroup (COOH). In particular embodiments of any of the peptides disclosedherein, the peptides include an N-terminal free amine group. Peptidesmay be modified, e.g., by attachment of small chemical groups such asacetyl, propionyl and methyl, and the addition of membrane anchors, suchas palmitoyl and myristoyl groups or any fatty acid groups. In addition,peptides may be modified in other manners, including but not limited to,myristoylation and acylation, e.g., palmitoylation. In certainembodiments, peptides are modified at an internal amino acid residue,e.g., a small chemical group or membrane anchor may be attached to theside chain of an internal amino acid. In certain embodiments, theC-terminus of a peptide may also be modified, including but not limitedto C-terminal amidation. Where a peptide sequence is disclosed herein,without specifying the structure of its N-terminus and/or C-terminus, itis understood to allow the presence of any possible N-terminal and/orC-terminal structures and any possible modification, e.g., an attachmentto an internal amino acid side chain. For example, for the peptide:Tyr-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar (SEQ ID NO:62) it is understood thatthe N-terminal Tyr may comprise an N-terminal free amine group.Similarly, it is understood that the C-terminal Sar may comprise aC-terminal free carboxyl group, or it may be modified in any manner,e.g., amidated to comprise a C-terminal NH₂ group. Among sequencesdisclosed herein are sequences incorporating an “—OH” moiety or an“—NH₂” moiety at the carboxy terminus (C-terminus) of the sequence. Insuch cases, and unless otherwise indicated, a “H—” moiety at theN-terminus of the sequence in question indicates a hydrogen atom,corresponding to the presence of a free primary or secondary amino groupat the N-terminus, while an “—OH” or an “—NH₂” moiety at the C-terminusof the sequence indicates a hydroxy group or an amino group,corresponding to the presence of an amido (CONH₂) group at theC-terminus, respectively. In each sequence of the invention, aC-terminal “—OH” moiety may be substituted for a C-terminal “—NH₂”moiety, and vice-versa.

The term “dimer,” as used herein, refers broadly to a peptide comprisingtwo monomer subunits. Dimers of the present invention include homodimersand heterodimers. A monomer subunit of a dimer may be linked at its C-or N-terminus, or it may be linked via internal amino acid residues.Each monomer subunit of a dimer may be linked through the same site, oreach may be linked through a different site (e.g., C-terminus,N-terminus, or internal site).

The term “NH₂,” as used herein, can refer to a free amino group presentat the amino terminus of a polypeptide. The term “OH,” as used herein,can refer to a free carboxy group present at the carboxy terminus of apeptide. Further, the term “Ac,” as used herein, refers to Acetylprotection through acylation of the C- or N-terminus of a polypeptide.In certain peptides shown herein, the NH₂ locates at the C-terminus ofthe peptide indicates an amino group.

The term “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to —CO₂H.

The term “isostere replacement,” as used herein, refers to any aminoacid or other analog moiety having chemical and/or structural propertiessimilar to a specified amino acid. In certain embodiments, an isosterereplacement is a conservative substitution of an amino acid.

The term “linker” or “linker moiety,” as used herein, refers broadly toa chemical structure that is capable of linking or joining together twopeptide monomer subunits to form a dimer.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, representssalts or zwitterionic forms of the peptides or compounds of the presentinvention which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible, which aresuitable for treatment of diseases without undue toxicity, irritation,and allergic response; which are commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio, and which are effective for their intended use. Thesalts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of thecompounds or separately by reacting an amino group with a suitable acid.Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate,citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate,camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, fumarate, hydrochloride,hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate),lactate, maleate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate,naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate,pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate,propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate,phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, para-toluenesulfonate, andundecanoate. Also, amino groups in the compounds of the presentinvention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylchlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamylsulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, andiodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Examples of acids which canbe employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts includeinorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, andphosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, andcitric. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt may suitably be a saltchosen, e.g., among acid addition salts and basic salts. Examples ofacid addition salts include chloride salts, citrate salts and acetatesalts. Examples of basic salts include salts where the cation isselected among alkali metal cations, such as sodium or potassium ions,alkaline earth metal cations, such as calcium or magnesium ions, as wellas substituted ammonium ions, such as ions of the typeN(R1)(R2)(R3)(R4)+, where R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently will typicallydesignate hydrogen, optionally substituted C1-6-alkyl or optionallysubstituted C2-6-alkenyl. Examples of relevant C1-6-alkyl groups includemethyl, ethyl, 1-propyl and 2-propyl groups. Examples of C2-6-alkenylgroups of possible relevance include, 1-propenyl and 2-propenyl. Otherexamples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are described in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, 17th edition, Alfonso R. Gennaro(Ed.), Mark Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA, 1985 (and more recenteditions thereof), in the “Encyclopaedia of Pharmaceutical Technology”,3rd edition, James Swarbrick (Ed.), Informa Healthcare USA (Inc.), NY,USA, 2007, and in J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 2 (1977). Also, for a review onsuitable salts, see Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties,Selection, and Use by Stahl and Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, 2002). Othersuitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts.Representative examples include the aluminum, arginine, benzathine,calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium,meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine, and zinc salts.Hemi salts of acids and bases may also be formed, e.g., hemisulphate andhemicalcium salts.

The term “alkyl” includes a straight chain or branched, noncyclic orcyclic, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 24 carbonatoms. Representative saturated straight chain alkyls include, but arenot limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, andthe like, while saturated branched alkyls include, without limitation,isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, and the like.Representative saturated cyclic alkyls include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like, whileunsaturated cyclic alkyls include, without limitation, cyclopentenyl,cyclohexenyl, and the like.

As used herein, an “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effectiveamount” of the opioid agonist peptide of the invention is meant todescribe a sufficient amount of the opioid agonist peptide to achieve adesired effect, including but not limited to a reduction or inhibitionof pain or gastrointestinal motility, or the treatment or prevention ofany of the diseases and disorders described herein. In particularembodiments, the therapeutically effective amount will achieve a desiredbenefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.

An “analog” of an amino acid, e.g., a “Phe analog” or a “Tyr analog”means an analog of the referenced amino acid. A variety of amino acidanalogs are known and available in the art, including Phe and Tyranalogs. In certain embodiments, an amino acid analog, e.g., a Pheanalog or a Tyr analog comprises one, two, three, four or fivesubstitutions as compared to Phe or Tyr, respectively. In certainembodiments, the substitutions are present in the side chains of theamino acids. In certain embodiments, a Phe analog has the structurePhe(R²), wherein R² is a H, OH, CH₃, CO₂H, CONH₂, CONH₂OCH₂CH₂NH₂, t-Bu,OCH₂CH₂NH₂, phenoxy, OCH₃, OAllyl, Br, Cl, F, NH₂, N3, or guanadino. Incertain embodiments, R² is CONH₂OCH₂CH₂NH₂, OCH₃, CONH₂, OCH₃ or CO₂H.Examples of Phe analogs include, but are not limited to: hPhe,Phe(4-OMe), α-Me-Phe, hPhe(3,4-dimethoxy), Phe(4-CONH₂), Phe(4-phenoxy),Phe(4-guanadino), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(4-CN), Phe(4-Br), Phe(4-OBzl),Phe(4-NH₂), βhPhe(4-F), Phe(4-F), Phe(3,5-difluoro), Phe(4-CH₂CO₂H),Phe(penta-F), Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe (3,4-difluoro), Phe(4-CF₃),β-diPheAla, Phe(4-N₃), Phe[4-(2-aminoethoxy)], 4-Phenylbenzylalanine,Phe(4-CONH₂), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), Phe(4-CF₃), Phe(2,3-dichloro), andPhe(2,3-difluoro). Examples of Tyr analogs include, but are not limitedto: hTyr, N(Me)-Tyr, Tyr(3-tBu), Tyr(4-N₃), DMT, αMeTyr and βhTyr.

Opioid Agonist Peptides

The present invention provides opioid agonist peptides. In oneembodiments, opioid agonist peptides comprise or consist of an aminoacid sequence of Formula I:

(SEQ ID NO: 339) Y1-Y2-Y3-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-Y4-Y5-Y6 (Formula I)or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:Y1 is absent or any amino acid;Y2 is absent or any amino acid;Y3 is absent or any amino acid;X1 is Tyr, D-Tyr, a Tyr analog, Tic, a Tic analog, or a Phe analog;X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is any amino acid;X5 is absent or X5 is any amino acid;Y4 is absent or any amino acid;Y5 is absent or any amino acid; andY6 is absent or any amino acid.

In one embodiment, X5 is absent. In another embodiment, X5 is any aminoacid. In another embodiment, X5 is a hydrophobic amino acid. In yetanother embodiment, X5 is any N-methylamino acid. In certainembodiments, X5 is absent, any N-methylamino acid, or X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle,(D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly. In certain embodiments, X5 is absent, a hydrophobicamino acid, or an amino acid selected from Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha,N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe,N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla,Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly,N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, and N(Me)Nva.

In certain embodiment, X5 is N(Me)Trp.

In one embodiment, Tyr analog is DMT. In another embodiment, Phe analogis Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂).

In particular embodiments of opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, β-homo-Tyr, N(Me)-Tyr, Tyr(3-tBu), (D)Tyr, homo-Tyr,Tyr(3-Cl), meta-Tyr, Tyr(3-F), Tyr(3-OH), Phe(4-NHCOCH₃), Phe(4-CONH₂),Tic, Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂), Phe {4-(2-aminoethoxy)}, Phe(4-COOH),Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-tetrazole), Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-imidazole), orPhe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-triazole).

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X2 is (D)Arg, (D)N(Me)-Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr,(D)Asp, or (D)Tyr.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I: X3 is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip,His, Aba, Trp, β-homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CN), Tic,Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA, Gly, Sar, THP,Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or β-Ala.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, a substitutedβ-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu, Val, Nle, DPA, Trp, Phe, Phe(4-CN), Tic, ora substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally, Phe(3,4-dichloro),β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp, or an amino acid havingone of the following structures:

wherein each B1, B2, and B3 is independently CH or N.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, a substitutedβ-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu, Val, Nle, DPA, Trp, Phe, Phe(4-CN), Tic, ora substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally, Phe(3,4-dichloro),β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp).

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,Phe(3,4-dichloro), β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me),β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br),β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I),β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp, or anamino acid having one of the following structures:

wherein each B1, B2, and B3 is independently CH or N.

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X5 is a hydrophobic amino acid, or X5 is selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn,(D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly,N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met,or (D)Leu.

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X5 is selected from Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle,N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala,Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, (D)Tyr, a Tyr analog, a Phe analog, Tic, or a Tic analog;X2 is a (D) amino acid;X3 is any amino acid; andX4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,Phe(3,4-dichloro), β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me),β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br),β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I),β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp); andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, and (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, β-homo-Tyr, N(Me)-Tyr, Tyr(3-tBu), homo-Tyr, Tyr(3-Cl),Tyr(3-F), Tyr(3-OH), Phe(4-NHCOCH₃), Phe(4-CONH₂), Tic,Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂), Phe(4-(2-aminoethoxy)),Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂) or Phe(4-COOH);

X2 is (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr,(D)Asp, or (D)Tyr;

X3 is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp, homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F),Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA,Gly, Sar, THP, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or β-Ala;X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu,Val, Nle, DPA, Trp, Phe, Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), or asubstituted aromatic amino acid (optionally, β-homoPhe(2-Me),β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F),β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br),β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂),(D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp); andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂);X2 is a (D) amino acid;

X3 is Gly or β-Ala;

X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp); andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu. Incertain embodiments, X4 is β-homoPhe.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂);

X2 is (D)Arg, (D)Ala, or (D)Tic;

X3 is Gly, Phe, a Phe analog, Aba, Trp, 1-Nal, Bip, Ala, Leu, or Ile;X4 is β-homoPhe or a Phe analog (optionally, β-homoPhe(2-Me),β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F),β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br),β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), or(D)N(Me)-Phe); andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly, Aib,β-Ala, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala,N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla,Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly,N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met,or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I:

X5 is Sar, NMe-Leu, NMe-Ala, NMe-Val, NMe-Cha, NMe-Phg, NMe-Phe,NMe-Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Phg, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, orN(isopentyl)Gly.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide of pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, andY6 are all absent, and the peptide comprises or consists of an aminoacid sequence of Formula Ia:

(SEQ ID NO: 357) X1-X2-X3-X4-X5 (Formula Ia)wherein:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(4-COX);

X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is Sar, or bhF substituted or unsubstituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me,2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH; andX5 is absent or any amino acid.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I-Ia, IIa-IIc, IIIa-IIIc,IVa-IVc, Va-Vd, VIa-VId, VIIa-VIId, VIIIa-VIIIl (I-VIIIl), the opioidagonist peptide comprises a C-terminal OH or NH₂.

In certain embodiments of the opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I-XVIIIl, the opioidagonist peptide comprises or consists of any of the following amino acidsequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) DMT-r-F-K; (SEQ ID NO: 274) DMT-r-N(Me)F-K; (SEQ IDNO: 1) DMT-r-f-K; (SEQ ID NO: 275) DMT-r-bhF-K; (SEQ ID NO: 276)DMT-r-Y(O-Me)-K; (SEQ ID NO: 277) DMT-r-F(4-Me)-K; (SEQ ID NO: 278)DMT-r-F(4-F)-K; (SEQ ID NO: 2) DMT-r-F-k; (SEQ ID NO: 279) DMT-r-W-K;(SEQ ID NO: 3) DMT-r-Bip-K; (SEQ ID NO: 280) DMT-r-1-Nal-K; (SEQ ID NO:281) DMT-r-2-Nal-K; (SEQ ID NO: 4) DMT-r-H-K; (SEQ ID NO: 5)DMT-r-F-N(Me)K; (SEQ ID NO: 282) Y-r-F-K; (SEQ ID NO: 7) DMT-r-F-K; (SEQID NO: 283) Y-r-F-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 7) Y-r-F-K(Ac); (SEQ ID NO: 8)DMT-N(Me)a-Aba-G; (SEQ ID NO: 284) DMT-r-f-k; (SEQ ID NO: 285)DMT-r-F-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 9) DMT-r-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 10)DMT-N(Me)a-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 285) DMT-r-F-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 11)DMT-r-W-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 12) DMT-r-bhF-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 13)DMT-r-1-Nal-(Me)bAla; (SEQ ID NO: 286) y-r-f-k; (SEQ ID NO: 287)Y-r-F-k; (SEQ ID NO: 288) K(Ac)-Y-r-F-K; (SEQ ID NO: 288) K(Ac)-Y-r-F-K;(SEQ ID NO: 289) y-r-F-K; (SEQ ID NO: 290) k-DMT-r-1-Nal-(Me)bAla; (SEQID NO: 291) Y-r-F-r; (SEQ ID NO: 292) Y-r-F-N(Me)R; (SEQ ID NO: 293)Y-r-Y-r; (SEQ ID NO: 294) Y-r-y-r; (SEQ ID NO: 10) DMT-N(Me)a-F-Sar;(SEQ ID NO: 295) Y-N(Me)R-F-N(Me)K; (SEQ ID NO: 296) Y-N(Me)R-F-K; (SEQID NO: 297) Y-D-Nva-F-Orn; (SEQ ID NO: 298) Y-D-Nle-F-Orn; (SEQ ID NO:299) Y-D-Orn-F-D; (SEQ ID NO: 300) hY-r-bhF-k; (SEQ ID NO: 301)hY-r-F-K; (SEQ ID NO: 302) hY-r-F-N(Me)K; (SEQ ID NO: 303)N(Me)Y-r-F-N(Me)K; (SEQ ID NO: 304) hY-r-F-k; (SEQ ID NO: 14)DMT-r-F-D-N(Me)Phe; (SEQ ID NO: 15) DMT-r-F-(aMe)Phe; (SEQ ID NO: 16)DMT-r-F-Phe(4-F); (SEQ ID NO: 18) DMT-r-F-hPhe; (SEQ ID NO: 19)DMT-r-Phe(4-F)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 20) DMT-r-Phe(4-CN)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 21)DMT-r-Tic-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 22) DMT-r-Phe(3,4-dichloro)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:23) DMT-r-BIP-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 24) DMT-r-tBu-Phe-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 25)DMT-r-Phe(3,4-dimethoxy)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 26) DMT-r-DPA-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:27) DMT-r-F-N(Octyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 28) DMT-r-F-nLeu; (SEQ ID NO: 29)DMT-r-F-L; (SEQ ID NO: 30) DMT-r-F-V; (SEQ ID NO: 31) DMT-r-W-nLeu; (SEQID NO: 32) DMT-r-DPA-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 33) DMT-r-G-DPA; (SEQ ID NO: 34)DMT-r-G-W; (SEQ ID NO: 35) DMT-r-Sar-W; (SEQ ID NO: 36) DMT-r-F-DPA;(SEQ ID NO: 37) DMT-a-G-F-nLeu; (SEQ ID NO: 38) DMT-a-G-Phe(4-F)-G; (SEQID NO: 39) DMT-a-G-Phe(4-CN)-G; (SEQ ID NO: 40) DMT-a-G-Tic-G; (SEQ IDNO: 41) DMT-a-G-Phe(3,4-dichloro)-G; (SEQ ID NO: 305) DMT-r-F-N-MePhe;(SEQ ID NO: 306) DMT-a-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 307) DMT-P-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:308) DMT-dP-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 309) DMT-Tic-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 42)DMT-a-G-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 310) DMT-dP-G-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 311)DMT-Tic-G-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 312) DMT-a-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 313)DMT-Tic-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 43) DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 314)DMT-Tic-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 44) DMT-dTic-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 45)DMT-dTic-G-F-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 46) DMT-a-hF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 47)DMT-a-G-hF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 48) DMT-a-hF-nL; (SEQ ID NO: 49)DMT-a-G-hF-nL; (SEQ ID NO: 50) bH-Tyr-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 51)N(Me)Y-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 52) Tyr(3-tBu)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:53) y-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 54) hTyr-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 55)Tyr(3-Cl)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 56) (meta)Tyr-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 57) Tyr(3-F)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 58) Tyr(3-NH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar;(SEQ ID NO: 59) Phe(4-NHCOCH3)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 60)Phe(4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 61) Tic(7-NH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQID NO: 62) Tyr-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 63) Trp(5-NH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQID NO: 64) DMT-a-Sar-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 65) DMT-a-THP-bhF-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 66) DMT-a-Ala-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 67) DMT-a-Leu-bhF-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 68) DMT-a-ILeu-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 69) DMT-a-Val-bhF-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 70) Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 71)Phe(4-(2-aminoethoxy))-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 72) DMT-a-Aib-bhF-Sar;(SEQ ID NO: 73) DMT-a-bAla-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 74)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-G-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 75)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-Aib-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 76)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-(D)-Thr-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 77)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 78)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-N(Me)Arg-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 79)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 80)Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-A-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 81) DMT-G-G-bhF-Sar;(SEQ ID NO: 82) DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 83)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 84) DMT-(D)Tyr-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:85) Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-CONH₂)-(D)Tyr-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 86)(Ac)DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 87) DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 88)DMT-A-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 89) Phe(4-COOH)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO:90) DMT-Aib-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 91) DMT-N(Me)Arg-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 92) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 93)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala; (SEQ ID NO: 94)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 95)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ile; (SEQ ID NO: 96)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Val; (SEQ ID NO: 97)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nva; (SEQ ID NO: 98)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)cha; (SEQ ID NO: 99)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg; (SEQ ID NO: 100)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phe; (SEQ ID NO: 101)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 102)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Tyr; (SEQ ID NO: 103)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-Tic-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 104)DMT-Tic-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 105) Phe(4-tetrazolyl)-a-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQID NO: 106) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Trp; (SEQ ID NO: 107)DMT-a-G-Tic-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 108) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-Tic-Sar;(SEQ ID NO: 109) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(3-Cl)-Sar; (SEQ IDNO: 110) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(44)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 111)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala; (SEQ ID NO: 112) DMT-a-G-bhF-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 113)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ile; (SEQ ID NO: 114) DMT-a-G-bhF-2-Nal; (SEQ ID NO:115) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(ocytyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 116)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(isopentyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 117)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 118)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(benzyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 119)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 120)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(3-propionic acid)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 121)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Phenethyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 122)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Trifluoroethyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 123)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Cyclohexyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 124) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(amyl)Gly;(SEQ ID NO: 125) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(hexadecyl)Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 163)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 164)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(3-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 165)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 166)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 167)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(3-Cl)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 315)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(44)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 168)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhY-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 316)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhW-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 317)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-(D)N(Me)Phe; (SEQ ID NO: 318)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-(D)N(Me)Phe- N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 319)DMT-a-G-bhF(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 320) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-Me)-N(Me)Nle;(SEQ ID NO: 321) DMT-a-G-bhF(4-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 322)DMT-a-G-bhF(2-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 323) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-F)-N(Me)Nle;(SEQ ID NO: 324) DMT-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 325)DMT-a-G-bhF(2-Br)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 326) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-Cl)-N(Me)Nle;(SEQ ID NO: 327) DMT-a-G-bhF(4-I)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 328)DMT-a-G-bhY-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 329) DMT-a-G-bhW-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO:154) DMT-a-G-(D)N(Me)Phe-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 155)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 156) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Cha; (SEQ ID NO:157) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg; (SEQ ID NO: 158) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phe; (SEQID NO: 159) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 160) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Tyr;(SEQ ID NO: 161) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Val; (SEQ ID NO: 162)DMT-a-G-bhF-NMe-Nva; (SEQ ID NO: 163)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 164)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(3-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 165)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 166)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 167)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(3-Cl)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 168)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhY-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 169)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Leu; (SEQ ID NO: 170) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala;(SEQ ID NO: 171) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Trp; (SEQ ID NO: 172)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Ile; (SEQ ID NO: 173) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Val;(SEQ ID NO: 174) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Nva; (SEQ ID NO: 175)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Cha; (SEQ ID NO: 176) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg;(SEQ ID NO: 177) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Phe; (SEQ ID NO: 178)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 179) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Gly; (SEQID NO: 180) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-N(Me)Tyr; (SEQ ID NO: 181)DMT-a-G-bhF(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 182) DMT-D-Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ile;(SEQ ID NO: 183) DMT-D-Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala; (SEQ ID NO: 184)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nva; (SEQ ID NO: 185) DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala; (SEQID NO: 186) DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-N(Me)Ile; (SEQ ID NO: 187)DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 319) DMT-a-G-bhF(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQID NO: 320) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 321)DMT-a-G-bhF(4-Me)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 322) DMT-a-G-bhF(2-F)-N(Me)Nle;(SEQ ID NO: 323) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 324)DMT-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 325) DMT-a-G-bhF(2-Br)-N(Me)Nle;(SEQ ID NO: 326) DMT-a-G-bhF(3-Cl)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 327)DMT-a-G-bhF(4-I)-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 328) DMT-a-G-bhY-N(Me)Nle; (SEQID NO: 329) DMT-a-G-bhW-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 154)DMT-a-G-(D)N(Me)Phe-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 155) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Leu;(SEQ ID NO: 156) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Cha; (SEQ ID NO: 157)DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg; (SEQ ID NO: 158) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phe; (SEQ ID NO:159) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nle; (SEQ ID NO: 160) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Tyr; or(SEQ ID NO: 161) DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Val;

In certain embodiments of the opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of any of Formulas I-XVIIIl, X1-X5comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in Table 3B, SEQ ID NOs:1-153, Table 3C, SEQ ID NOs: 154-187, Table 3E, SEQ ID NOs: 188-266,Table 3F, SEQ ID NOs:267-273, SEQ ID NOs: 274-336, or any of thefollowing sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 43) DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 62)Tyr-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 112)DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 94)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 85)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 82)DMT-((D)Thr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 83)DMT-((D)Asp)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 84)DMT-((D)Tyr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 93)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Ala); (SEQ IDNO: 96) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Val);(SEQ ID NO: 99) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Phg); (SEQ ID NO: 101)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Nle); (SEQ IDNO: 102) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Tyr);(SEQ ID NO: 43) DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 62)Tyr-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 112)DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 112)DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Gly-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 94)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO:85) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ IDNO: 85) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Sar-OH; (SEQID NO: 82) DMT-((D)Thr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 83)DMT-((D)Asp)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 84)DMT-((D)Tyr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 93)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Ala)-NH₂; (SEQID NO: 96) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Val)-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 99)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Phg)-NH₂; (SEQID NO: 101) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Nle)-NH₂; or (SEQ ID NO: 102)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Tyr)-NH₂.

In a particular embodiment, the opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprises orconsists of any of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 37) DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-Phe-nLeu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 38)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-Phe(4-F)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 39)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-Phe(4-CN)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 41)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-Phe(3,4-dichloro)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 45)DMT-dTic-Gly-Phe-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 46) DMT-(D)Ala-homoPhe-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 48) DMT-(D)Ala-homoPhe-nLeu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 66)DMT-(D)Ala-Ala-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 70)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO:70) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-Sar-OH; (SEQ IDNO: 82) DMT-(D)Thr-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 83)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 84)DMT-(D)Tyr-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 93)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Ala-NH₂; (SEQ IDNO: 96) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Val-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 99) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Phg-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 102)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Tyr-NH₂; (SEQ IDNO: 111) DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Ala-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 112)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 113)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)ILe-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 116)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(isopentyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 117)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(3- isopropyloxypropyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO:118) DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(benzyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 120)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(3-propionicacid)Gly- NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 121)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Phenethyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 122)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Trifluoroethyl)Gly- NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 123)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Cyclohexyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 124)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(amyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 154)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(D)N(Me)Phe-N(Me)Nle-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 155)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Leu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 157)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Phg-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 158)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Phe-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 159)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Nle-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 160)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Tyr-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 161)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Val-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 162)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Nva-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 169)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Leu-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 170)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 171)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Trp-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 172)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ile-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 173)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Val-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 174)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Nva-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 175)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Cha-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 176)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Phg-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 177)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Phe-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 178)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Nle-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 179)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 180)DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Tyr-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 182)DMT-(D)Thr-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ile-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 183)DMT-(D)Thr-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ala-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 184)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Nva-NH₂.

In a particular embodiment, the opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprises orconsists of any of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 20) DMT-(D)Arg-Phe(4-CN)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 62)Tyr-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 153)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoTrp)-N(Me)Leu-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 168)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoTyr)- N(Me)Nle-OH; (SEQ IDNO: 185) DMT-(D)Glu-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 186)DMT-(D)Glu-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)-Ile-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 319)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-b-homoPhe(2-Me)-N(Me)Nle-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 23)DMT-(D)Arg-BIP-Sar-NH₂.

In a particular embodiment, the opioid agonist peptide orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprises orconsists of any of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 9) DMT-(D)Arg-(Phe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 10)DMT-N(Me)-(D)Ala-(Phe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 13)DMT-(D)Arg-1-Nal-(Me)bAla-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 19)DMT-(D)Arg-Phe(4-F)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 44) DMT-dTic-(Phe)-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 47) DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 49)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(homoPhe)-nLeu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 92)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Leu-NH₂; (SEQ IDNO: 100) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Phe-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 101) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Nle-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 119)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly- NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 139)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly-bhW- N(Me)Leu-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 156)DMT-(D)Ala-Gly-bhF-N(Me)-Cha-NH₂; or (SEQ ID NO: 187)DMT-(D)Glu-Gly-bhF-Sar-NH₂.

In particular embodiments, the present invention includes an opioidagonist peptide dimer, comprising two peptide monomers, wherein eachpeptide monomer comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence ofFormula I:

(SEQ ID NO: 339) Y1-Y2-Y3-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-Y4-Y5-Y6 (Formula I);or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:Y1 is absent or any amino acid;Y2 is absent or any amino acid;Y3 is absent or any amino acid;X1 is Tyr, D-Tyr, a Tyr analog, Tic, a Tic analog, or a Phe analog;X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is any amino acid;X5 is absent or any amino acid;Y4 is absent or any amino acid;Y5 is absent or any amino acid; andY6 is absent or any amino acid,wherein the two peptides are connected via a linker moiety.

In one embodiment, X5 is absent. In another embodiment, X5 is any aminoacid. In another embodiment, X5 is a hydrophobic amino acid. In yetanother embodiment, X5 is any N-methylamino acid. In certainembodiments, X5 is absent, any N-methylamino acid, or X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle,(D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly. In certain embodiments, X5 is absent, a hydrophobicamino acid, or an amino acid selected from Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha,N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe,N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla,Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly,N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, and N(Me)Nva.

In another particular embodiments, the present invention includes anopioid agonist peptide dimer, comprising two peptide monomers, whereineach peptide monomer comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence ofany of Formulas I, Ia, IIa-XVIIIl, and wherein X2-X5 are as describedherein. In certain embodiments of opioid agonist peptide dimers orpharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof disclosed herein,X1-X5 comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in Table 3B, SEQ IDNOs: 1-153, Table 3C, SEQ ID NOs: 154-187, Table 3E, SEQ ID NOs:188-266, Table 3F, SEQ ID NOs: 267-273, SEQ ID NOs: 274-336, or any ofthe sequences disclosed herein.

In particular embodiments of any of the opioid agonist peptide dimersdisclosed herein, one or more of Y4, Y5 and/or Y6 is present in each ofthe peptide monomers. In particular embodiments, one of Y4, Y5, or Y6 ofthe peptide monomers is connected via the linker moiety.

In particular embodiments of any of the opioid agonist peptide dimersdisclosed herein, one or more of Y4, Y5 and/or Y6 is an amino acidcomprising a side chain containing a group capable of being cross-linkedto another peptide via a linker. In particular embodiments, this aminoacid is the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide monomers. In particularembodiments, the two monomers are linked via a linker bound to thesefunctional groups. In certain embodiments, the amino acid comprises aside chain containing an amine, acid, alcohol, thio, azide, alkyne,halide or acid halide group. In certain embodiments wherein Y4, Y5 or Y6comprises any of these amino acid residues, the two monomers areconnected via a linker bound to Y4, Y5, or Y6 of each monomer. Incertain embodiments, the peptide monomers are connected by Y4, Y5 or Y6,which may be an internal amino acid residue or a C-terminal amino acidresidue.

In certain embodiments, Y4, Y5, and/or Y6, or the C-terminal amino acid,of a monomer comprises any amino acid with an amine side chain, Lys,D-Lys, N(Me)-Lys, D-N(Me)-Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap, HomoLys, D-Dap, D-Dab,D-Orn, Cys, HomoCys, Pen, D-HomoCys, D-Cys, D-Pen, Asp, Glu, D-Asp,D-Glu, HomoSer, Asp, Glu, homoGlu, D-Asp, D-Glu, D-homoGlu, N(Me)-Glu,N(Me)-Asp, N(Me)-D-Glu, or N(Me)-D-Asp. In certain embodiments, Y4, Y5,and/or Y6, or the C-terminal amino acid, of a monomer is selected fromAsp, Glu, homoGlu, D-Asp, D-Glu, D-homoGlu, N(Me)-Glu, N(Me)-Asp,N(Me)-D-Glu, and N(Me)-D-Asp. In particular embodiments, Y4, Y5, or Y6is an amino acid comprising an amine side chain, or is selected from thegroup consisting of, Lys, D-Lys, N(Me)-Lys, D-N(Me)-Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap,HomoLys, D-Dap, D-Dab, D-Orn, Asp, Glu, D-Asp, D-Glu, HomoSer, HomoGlu,D-homoGlu, N(Me)-Glu, N(Me)-Asp, N(Me)-D-Glu, and N(Me)-D-Asp. Inparticular embodiments, Y4, Y5, or Y6 is the C-terminal amino acid ofthe peptide monomers and is an amino acid comprising an amine sidechain, or is selected from the group consisting of: Lys, D-Lys,N(Me)-Lys, D-N(Me)-Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap, HomoLys, D-Dap, D-Dab, D-Orn,Asp, Glu, D-Asp, D-Glu, HomoSer, HomoGlu, D-homoGlu, N(Me)-Glu,N(Me)-Asp, N(Me)-D-Glu, and N(Me)-D-Asp. In particular embodiments,these C-terminal amino acids of the peptide monomers are connected viathe linker moiety. In certain embodiments, the C-terminal amino acid ofeach peptide monomer is a Lys or another amino acid comprising an amineside chain, and the amine groups of the C-terminal amino acids areconnected via a linker. In certain embodiments, Y4, Y5 or Y6 is aninternal amino acid and is a Lys or another amino acid comprising anamine side chain, and the amine groups of these amino acids areconnected via a linker. In particular embodiments, the two C-terminalamino acids of each subunit of a peptide dimer compound possess acidfunctionality, and they are linked through retroinverse linking by adiamine linker. In certain embodiments of any of the opioid agonistpeptide dimers disclosed herein, any of the amino acids Y1 or Y2 or Y3or Y4, or Y5 or Y6 is an amino acid comprising a side chain containing agroup capable of being cross-linked to another peptide via a linker,When the amino acid comprises a side chain containing an amine, acid,alcohol, thio, azide, alkyne, halide or acid halide group, the twopeptide monomers are connected to form dimer through a linker moietywith suitable functional group by forming corresponding amide bond,ether bond, thio ether bond and cycloaddition of alkynes to azides toform triazoles. In particular embodiments of any of the opioid agonistpeptide dimers disclosed herein, the C-terminus of each peptide monomeris an amino acid comprising an amine side chain, or it comprises aC-terminal acid or —OH group.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, β-homo-Tyr, N(Me)-Tyr, Tyr(3-tBu), (D)Tyr, homo-Tyr,Tyr(3-Cl), meta-Tyr, Tyr(3-F), Tyr(3-OH), Phe(4-NHCOCH₃), Phe(4-CONH₂),Tic, Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂), Phe(4-(2-aminoethoxy), Phe(4-COOH),Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-tetrazole), Phe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-imidazole), orPhe(2,6-dimethyl)(4-triazole).

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X2 is (D)Arg, (D)N(Me)-Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr,(D)Asp, or (D)Tyr.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X3 is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp, β-homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F),Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA,Gly, Sar, THP, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or β-Ala.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, a substitutedβ-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu, Val, DPA, Trp, Phe, Phe(4-CN), Tic, or asubstituted aromatic amino acid (optionally, Phe(3,4-dichloro),β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp, or an amino acid havingone of the following structures:

and wherein each of B1, B2, and B3 is independently CH or N.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, a substitutedβ-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu, Val, DPA, Trp, Tic, Phe, a substitutedaromatic amino acid (optionally, Phe(4-CN), Phe(3,4-dichloro),β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Me),β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homo-Phe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br),β-homoPhe(4-I), or β-homoTrp, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Ala,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, (D)N(Me)-Phe,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(Octyl)Gly, orN(isopentyl)Gly.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,Phe(3,4-dichloro), β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me),β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br),β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I),β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp, or anamino acid having one of the following structures:

and wherein each of B1, B2, and B3 is independently CH or N.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I) or β-homoPhe(4-OH)).

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X5 is Sarcosine, a hydrophobic amino acid, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu,N(Me)Phe, Gly, β-Ala, β-homoAla, Asn or (D)Asn N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Phg,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(Octyl)Gly, orN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X5 is selected from Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle,N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala,(D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly,N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, (D)Tyr, a Tyr analog, a Phe analog, Tic, or a Tic analog;X2 is a (D) amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp); andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn,(D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly,N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met,or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, β-homo-Tyr, N(Me)-Tyr, Tyr(3-tBu), homo-Tyr, Tyr(3-Cl),Tyr(3-F), Tyr(3-OH), Phe(4-NHCOCH₃), Phe(4-CONH₂), Tic,Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂), Phe(4-(2-aminoethoxy), or Phe(4-COOH);

X2 is (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr,(D)Asp, or (D)Tyr;

X3 is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp, homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F),Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA,Gly, Sar, THP, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or β-Ala;X4 is Lys, (D)Lys, N(Me)-Lys, Gly, Sar, Me-β-Ala, (D)N(Me)-Phe,α-Me-Phe, Phe(4-F), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), β-homoPhe, N(Octyl)Gly, Leu,Val, DPA, Trp, Phe, Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), or a substitutedaromatic amino acid (optionally, β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me),β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F), β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F),β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br), β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl),β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH), β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, orβ-homoTrp; andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu, (D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂);X2 is a (D) amino acid;

X3 is Gly or β-Ala;

X4 is β-homoPhe or a substituted aromatic amino acid (optionally,β-homoPhe(2-Me), β-homoPhe(3-Me), β-homoPhe(4-Me), β-homoPhe(2-F),β-homoPhe(3-F), β-homoPhe(4-F), β-homoPhe(2-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Br),β-homoPhe(4-Br), β-homoPhe(3-Cl), β-homoPhe(4-I), β-homoPhe(4-OH),β-homoPhe(4-NO₂), (D)N(Me)-Phe, or β-homoTrp; andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly, Aib,β-Ala, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Phg,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(Octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

In particular embodiments, X4 is β-homoPhe.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂);

X2 is (D)Arg, (D)Ala, or (D)Tic;

X3 is Gly, Phe, a Phe analog, Aba, Trp, 1-Nal, Bip, Ala, Leu, or Ile;X4 is a Phe analog, optionally β-homoPhe; andX5 is absent, a hydrophobic amino acid, or selected from Sar, Gly, Aib,β-Ala, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Phg,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(Octyl)Gly, andN(isopentyl)Gly, optionally wherein X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu; orX5 is Sar, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Phg,N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly, N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly,N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly, N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly,N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal, N(Octyl)Gly, orN(isopentyl)Gly.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I:

X1-X5 comprises or consists of a sequence set forth in Table 3B, SEQ IDNOs: 1-153, Table 3C, SEQ ID NOs: 154-187, Table 3E, SEQ ID NOs:188-266, Table 3F, SEQ ID NOs: 267-273, SEQ ID NOs: 274-336, or any ofthe following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 43) DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 62)Tyr-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 112)DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 94)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Gly; (SEQ ID NO: 85)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 82)DMT-((D)Thr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 83)DMT-((D)Asp)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 84)DMT-((D)Tyr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar; (SEQ ID NO: 93)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Ala); (SEQ IDNO: 96) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Val);(SEQ ID NO: 99) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Phg); (SEQ ID NO: 101)Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly- (β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Nle); or (SEQID NO: 102) Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(N(Me)Tyr).

It is understood that where the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of thesequences are not specifically defined, they may include any group,e.g., an —NH₂ group or an —OH group. In certain embodiments, an opioidagonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof comprises peptide monomers of any of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 267) [DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(Sar)]₂-Lys; (SEQ ID NO:268) [DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(NMe-Ala)]₂-Lys; (SEQ ID NO: 269)[DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(NMe-Ile)]₂-Lys; (SEQ ID NO: 270)[DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(Sar)]₂-(D-Lys); or (SEQ ID NO: 271)[DMT-((D)Ala)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-(Sar)-(D-Lys)]₂-DIG.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I, the linker moiety is selected from the linkersdepicted in Table 2, L- or D-lysinamide or derivatives thereof,piperazine or derivatives thereof, and PEG based diamines, optionallyhaving any of the following structures:

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I, the C-terminus of each peptide monomer isconnected by the linker moiety.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer, the peptidedimer is according to Formula D-I:

[Peptide of Formula I]-Linker-[Peptide of Formula I]   Formula D-I;

wherein the peptide of Formula I and the linker are as described herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to anyone of Formulas I-Ia, IIa-IIc, IIIa-IIIc, IVa-IVc,VIa-VId, VIIa-VIIl, VIIIa-VIIIl, XIIa-XIIc, XIIIa-XIIIc, XIVa-XIVc,XVIa-XVId, XVIIa-XVIIl, or XVIIIa-XVIIIl.

In one embodiment, the linker is Lys. In another embodiment, the linkeris -Lys-DIG-Lys-. In another embodiment, the linker is D-Lys. In anotherembodiment, the linker is -D-Lys-DIG-D-Lys.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer, the peptidedimer is according to Formula D-IIa or D-IIb:

[Peptide of Formula I]-[Lys]-[Peptide of Formula I]   Formula D-IIa;

[Peptide of Formula I]-[D-Lys]-[Peptide of Formula I]   Formula D-IIb;

wherein the peptide of Formula I and the linker are as described herein.

In certain embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer, the peptidedimer is according to Formula D-IIIa or D-IIIb:

[Peptide of Formula I]-[Lys][DIG]-[Lys]-[Peptide of Formula I]   FormulaD-IIIa;

[Peptide of Formula I]-[D-Lys]-[DIG]-[D-Lys]-[Peptide of Formula I]  Formula D-IIIb;

wherein the peptide of Formula I and the linker are as described herein;and DIG is diglycolic acid or —C(O)—CH₂—O—CH₂—C(O)—; and wherein —C(O)—of DIG is attached to N^(ε) of Lys or D-Lys.

In particular embodiments of an opioid agonist peptide dimer orpharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising peptidemonomers of Formula I, one or more of Y4, Y5 and/or Y6 are present inthe peptide monomers, and either Y4, Y5 or Y6 is the C-terminal aminoacid of the peptide monomers. In particular embodiments, the C-terminalamino acid residue of each peptide monomer an amino acid comprising anamine side chain, or is selected from the group consisting of: Sar, Lys,D-Lys, N(Me)-Lys, D-N(Me)-Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap, HomoLys, D-Dap, D-Dab,D-Orn, Asp, Glu, D-Asp, D-Glu, HomoSer, HomoGlu, D-homoGlu, N(Me)-Glu,N(Me)-Asp, N(Me)-D-Glu, and N(Me)-D-Asp. In certain embodiments of anopioid agonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof comprising peptide monomers of Formula I, the C-terminusof each peptide monomer is connected by the linker moiety, and X5 isSarcosine N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Tyr and N(Me)Phg.

In certain embodiment, the opioid peptide or each of the peptidemonomers of an opioid peptide dimer comprise less than 10 amino acids.

In certain embodiments of any of the opioid peptides and opioid peptidedimers disclosed herein, the opioid peptide or the opioid peptide dimercomprises at least one non-natural amino acid.

In particular embodiments, the opioid agonist peptide or opioid peptidedimer is a dual agonist of both the mu opioid receptor and the deltaopioid receptor, a selective agonist of the mu opioid receptor, or aselective agonist of the delta opioid receptor.

In particular embodiments of opioid agonist peptides and opioid agonistpeptide dimers of Formula I, X5 is a hydrophobic amino acid.

In particular embodiments of opioid agonist peptides and opioid agonistpeptide dimers of Formula I, X4 has a structure as follows:

and wherein each of B1, B2, and B3 is independently CH or N.

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides comprise fifteen orless, twelve or less, eleven or less, ten or less, nine or less, eightor less, seven or less, six or less or five or less contiguous aminoacids. In particular embodiments, each of the monomers present in anopioid agonist peptide dimer comprises fifteen or less, twelve or less,eleven or less, ten or less, nine or less, eight or less, seven or less,six or less or five or less contiguous amino acids. In particularembodiments, opioid agonist peptides comprise four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten or eleven contiguous amino acid residues, or each ofthe monomers present in an opioid agonist peptide dimer comprises four,five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or eleven contiguous amino acidresidues. In particular embodiments, an opioid peptide agonist comprisesfour to eleven contiguous amino acids, five to ten contiguous aminoacids or five to eight contiguous amino acids, or each monomer of anopioid peptide agonist dimer comprises four to eleven contiguous aminoacids, five to ten contiguous amino acids or five to eight contiguousamino acids.

Illustrative examples of opioid agonist peptides include any of thepeptides depicted in the Examples, as well as any peptides comprisingany of the amino acid sequences depicted in the Examples. These includeboth monomers, and also opioid peptide dimers comprising two peptidemonomers, each comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequencedisclosed herein or depicted in the Examples. Any of these illustrativepeptide sequences may further comprise one or more conjugated linkersand/or other chemical constituents, such as any of the half-lifeextension moieties described herein.

In particular embodiments, the present invention includes any of theformulas or genuses of opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein with theproviso that the genus does not include or encompass any of thefollowing: (i) enkephalins including either the sequenceTyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu or Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met; (ii) the opioid peptidesknown as DADLE (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu) or DAMGO(Tyr-Gly-N(Me)-Phe-Gly); or (iii) opioid peptides disclosed in U.S.Patent Application Publication No. US 2008/0019913. In particularembodiments of any of the genuses of opioid agonist peptides disclosedhere, X5 is not Leu, Met, or (D)Leu.

Examples of substituted β-homo-Phe include, but are not limited to:β-homo-Phe(2-F); β-homo-Phe(3-F); β-homo-Phe(4-F); β-homo-Phe(2-Me);β-homo-Phe(3-Me); β-homo-Phe(4-Me); β-homo-Phe(4-NO₂); β-homo-Phe(4-OH);β-homo-Phe(3-Cl); β-homo-Phe(2-Br); β-homo-Phe(4-I); and βhTrp.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, Y1-Y6 are absent, X1 isDMT; and wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine. In another embodiment, X1is Phe analog. In one embodiment, the Phe analog is Phe(4-COX); andPhe(4-COX) is substituted or unsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂ (i.e., substitutedor unsubstituted hydroxy or amino). In one embodiment, X isunsubstituted OH or NH₂. In another embodiment, X is OH or NH₂substituted with alkyl or acyl. In a yet another embodiment, X is OH orNH₂ substituted with Me or Ac.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, Y1-Y6 are absent, and X4is substituted or unsubstituted Phe. In another embodiment, X4 issubstituted or unsubstituted bhF or b-homoPhe. In yet anotherembodiment, X4 is N-methylamino acid. In one embodiment, when X4 isN-methylamino acid; then X2 is Tic, (D)Tic, Ala, (D)Ala, Asp, (D)Asp,Thr, (D)Thr, Glu, or (D)Glu. In another embodiment, when X4 issubstituted or unsubstituted Phe; then X5 is N-methylamino acid, or Gly

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, Y1-Y6 are absent, and X1is Tyr, X4 is bhF, and X5 is N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formula IIa, IIb, or IIc

(SEQ ID NO: 340) DMT-X2-X3-X4-X5 (Formula IIa); (SEQ ID NO: 341)Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-X4-X5 (Formula IIb); or (SEQ ID NO: 342)Tyr-X2-X3-X4-X5 (Formula IIc);wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine; Phe(4-COX) is substituted orunsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂; each of X2 and X3is independently any amino acid; X4 is substituted or unsubstituted Phe,substituted or unsubstituted bhF or b-homoPhe, or any N-methylamino acidand X5 is absent, any amino acid or any N-methylamino acid;provided that:when the peptide is according to Formula IIa, and X4 is N-methylaminoacid; then X2 is Tic, (D)Tic, Ala, (D)Ala, Asp, (D)Asp, Thr, (D)Thr,Glu, or (D)Glu;when the peptide is according to Formula IIa, and X4 is substituted orunsubstituted Phe; then X5 is N-methylamino acid, or Gly; andwhen the peptide is according to Formula IIc; then X4 is bhF and X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, X5 is absent. In another embodiment, X5 is any aminoacid. In a particular embodiment, X5 is N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-IIc, X4 is Sar.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-IIc, X4 is bhFunsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl,3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-IIc, X4 is unsubstitutedbhF.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formula IIIa, IIIb, or IIIc:

(SEQ ID NO: 343) DMT-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIa); (SEQ ID NO: 344)Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIb); or (SEQ ID NO: 345)Tyr-X2-X3-bhF-X5 (Formula IIIc);wherein DMT, Phe(4-COX), bhF, X2, X3, and X5 are as described forFormulas IIa-IIc; provided that when the peptide is according to FormulaIIIc, then X5 is N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, Phe(4-COX) is Phe(4-CONH₂) orPhe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂) [Phe(DMC)].

Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂) or Phe(DMC)

In another embodiment, Phe(4-COX) is Phe(DMC).

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula IIa-IIIc, X3 is (D)Phe, Phe,Bip, His, Aba, Trp, homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CN), Tic,Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA, Gly, Sar, THP,Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or Ala.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula IIa-IIc, X3 is G, orβ-homo-Phe. In a particular embodiment, X3 is G.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formula IVa, IVb, or IVc:

(SEQ ID NO: 346) DMT-X2-G-bhF-X5 (Formula IVa); (SEQ ID NO: 347)Phe(DMC)-X2-G-bhF-X5 (Formula IVb); or (SEQ ID NO: 348) Tyr-X2-G-bhF-X5(Formula IVc);wherein DMT, bhF, X2, and X5 are as described for Formula IIa-IIc;Phe(DMC) is as described herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-IVc, X2 is (D)Glu,(D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or(D)Tyr. In a particular embodiment, X2 is (D)Ala, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or(D)Glu.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formula Va, Vb, Vc, or Vd:

(SEQ ID NO: 349) DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5 (Formula Va); (SEQ ID NO: 350)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5 (Formula Vb); (SEQ ID NO: 351) DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5(Formula Vc); (SEQ ID NO: 352) DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5 (Formula Vd);wherein DMT, and X5 are as described for Formulas IIa-IIc.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to formula VIa, VIb, VIc, or VId:

(Formula VIa) (SEQ ID NO: 353) Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5; (Formula VIb)(SEQ ID NO: 354) Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5; (Formula VIc)(SEQ ID NO: 355) Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5; (Formula VId)(SEQ ID NO: 356) Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5;wherein X5 is as described for Formula IIa-IIc; and Phe(DMC) is asdescribed herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-VId, X5 is (D)Glu,(D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or(D)Tyr. In another embodiment, X5 is Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr,N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe. In aparticular embodiment, X5 is Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala,N(Me)Val, or N(Me)Leu.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formula VIIa, VIIb, VIIc, VIId, VIIe, VIIf, VIIg, VIIh,VIIi, VIIj, VIIk, or VIIl:

(Formula VIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 43) DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar; (Formula VIIb)(SEQ ID NO: 83) DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar; (Formula VIIc) (SEQ ID NO: 82)DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar; (Formula VIId) (SEQ ID NO: 187)DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar; (Formula VIIe) (SEQ ID NO: 111)DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla; (Formula VIIf) (SEQ ID NO: 170)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla; (Formula VIIg) (SEQ ID NO: 183)DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla; (Formula VIIh) (SEQ ID NO: 185)DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla; (Formula VIIi) (SEQ ID NO: 113)DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle; (Formula VIIj) (SEQ ID NO: 172)DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle; (Formula VIIk) (SEQ ID NO: 182)DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle; or (Formula VIII) (SEQ ID NO: 186)DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle;wherein DMT is as described herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acid sequence isaccording to Formulas VIIIa, VIIIb, VIIIc, VIIId, VIIIe, VIIIf, VIIIg,VIIIh, VIIIi, VIIIj, VIIIk, or VIIIl:

(Formula VIIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 70) Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar;(Formula VIIIb) (SEQ ID NO: 77) Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar;(Formula VIIIc) (SEQ ID NO: 76) Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar;(Formula VIIId) (SEQ ID NO: 330) Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar;(Formula VIIIe) (SEQ ID NO: 217) Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla;(Formula VIIIf) (SEQ ID NO: 331) Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla;(Formula VIIIg) (SEQ ID NO: 332) Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla;(Formula VIIIh) (SEQ ID NO: 333) Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla;(Formula VIIIi) (SEQ ID NO: 218) Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle;(Formula VIIIj) (SEQ ID NO: 334) Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle;(Formula VIIIk) (SEQ ID NO: 335) Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle; or(Formula VIIIl) (SEQ ID NO: 336) Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle;wherein Phe(DMC) is as described herein.

In a particular aspect, the present invention provides peptidesaccording to Formula XIIa, XIIb, or XIIc:

(Formula XIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 340) R¹-DMT-X2-X3-X4-X5-R²; (Formula XIIb)(SEQ ID NO: 341) R¹-Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-X4-X5-R²; or (Formula XIIc)(SEQ ID NO: 342) R¹-Tyr-X2-X3-X4-X5-R²,or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof;wherein R¹ is H or acetyl; R² is OH or NH₂;DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine; Phe(4-COX) is substituted or unsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂;each of X2 and X3 is independently any amino acid; X4 is substituted orunsubstituted bhF or b-homoPhe, or any N-methylamino acid; and X5 isabsent, any amino acid or any N-methylamino acid;provided that:when the peptide is according to formula XIIa, X4 is N-methylamino acid;then X2 is Tic, (D)Tic, Ala, (D)Ala, Asp, (D)Asp, Thr, (D)Thr, Glu, or(D)Glu; andwhen the peptide is according to Formula XIIc; then X4 is bhF and X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, X5 is any amino acid. In another embodiment, X5 isany N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, X4 is Sar.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, X4 is bhFunsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl,3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH. In a particular embodiment, X4 isunsubstituted bhF.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XIIIa, XIIIb, or XIIIc:

(Formula XIIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 343) R¹-DMT-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R²; (Formula XIIIb)(SEQ ID NO: 344) R¹-Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R²; or (Formula XIIIc)(SEQ ID NO: 345) R¹-Tyr-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R²;wherein R¹, R², DMT, Phe(4-COX), bhF, X2, X3, and X5 are as describedherein;provided that when the peptide is according to Formula XIIIc, then X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, Phe(4-COX) is Phe(4-CONH₂) orPhe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂) [Phe(DMC)]

In another embodiment, Phe(4-COX) is Phe(DMC).

In one embodiment, with respect to Formula XIIa-XIIIc, X3 is (D)Phe,Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp, homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CN), Tic,Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA, Gly, Sar, THP,Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or Ala. In another embodiment, X3 is G, orbhPhe. In a particular embodiment, X3 is G.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XIVa, XIVb, or XIVc:

(Formula XIVa) (SEQ ID NO: 346) R¹-DMT-X2-G-bhF-X5-R²; (Formula XIVb)(SEQ ID NO: 347) R¹-Phe(DMC)-X2-G-bhF-X5-R²; or (Formula XIVc)(SEQ ID NO: 348) R¹-Tyr-X2-G-bhF-X5-R²;wherein R¹, R², DMT, bhF, X2, and X5 are as described for FormulasXIIa-XIIc; andPhe(DMC) is as described herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIVc, the peptide isaccording to formula X2 is (D)Glu, (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic,(D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Tyr. In a particular embodiment,X2 is (D)Ala, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Glu.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XVa, XVb, XVc, or XVd:

(Formula XVa) (SEQ ID NO: 349) R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5-R²; (Formula XVb)(SEQ ID NO: 350) R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5-R²; (Formula XVc)(SEQ ID NO: 351) R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5-R²; (Formula XVd)(SEQ ID NO: 352) R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5-R²;wherein R¹, R², DMT, and X5 are as described for formula XIIa-XIIc.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XVIa, XVIb, XVIc, or XVId:

(Formula XVIa) (SEQ ID NO: 353) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5-R²;(Formula XVIb) (SEQ ID NO: 354) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5-R²;(Formula XVIc) (SEQ ID NO: 355) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5-R²;(Formula XVId) (SEQ ID NO: 356) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5-R²;wherein R¹, R², X5 are as described for formula XIIa-XIIc; and Phe(DMC)is as described herein.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XVId, X5 is (D)Glu,(D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or(D)Tyr. In another embodiment, X5 is Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr,N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe. In aparticular embodiment, X5 is Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala,N(Me)Val, or N(Me)Leu.

In another embodiment, with respect to Formulas IIa-VId, and XIIa-XVId,X5 is N-alkylamino acid. In one embodiment, N-alkylamino acid isN(C₁-C₈)alkyl amino acid. In another embodiment, N-alkylamino acid isN(C₁-C₄)alkyl amino acid. In yet another embodiment, N-alkylamino acidis N-Me, N-Et, N-(n-Pr), N-(i-Pr), or N-(t-Bu) amino acid. In aparticular embodiment, N-alkylamino acid is N-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XVIIa, XVIIb, XVIIc, XVIId, XVIIe, XVIIf, XVIIg,XVIIh, XVIIi, XVIIj, XVIIk, or XVIIl:

(Formula XVIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 43) R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIb) (SEQ ID NO: 83) R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIc) (SEQ ID NO: 82) R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIId) (SEQ ID NO: 187) R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIe) (SEQ ID NO: 111) R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIf) (SEQ ID NO: 170) R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIg) (SEQ ID NO: 183) R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIh) (SEQ ID NO: 185) R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIi) (SEQ ID NO: 113) R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;(Formula XVIIj) (SEQ ID NO: 172) R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;(Formula XVIIk) (SEQ ID NO: 182) R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²; or(Formula XVIIl) (SEQ ID NO: 186) R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;wherein R¹, R², DMT are as described for Formulas XIIa-XIIc.

In one embodiment, with respect to Formulas XIIa-XIIc, the peptide isaccording to Formula XVIIIa, XVIIIb, XVIIIc, XVIIId, XVIIIe, XVIIIf,XVIIIg, XVIIIh, XVIIIi, XVIIIj, XVIIIk, or XVIIIl:

(Formula XVIIIa) (SEQ ID NO: 70) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIIb) (SEQ ID NO: 77) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIIc) (SEQ ID NO: 76) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIId) (SEQ ID NO: 330) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar-R²;(Formula XVIIIe) (SEQ ID NO: 217) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIIf) (SEQ ID NO: 331) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIIg) (SEQ ID NO: 332) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIIh) (SEQ ID NO: 333) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla-R²;(Formula XVIIIi) (SEQ ID NO: 218) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;(Formula XVIIIj) (SEQ ID NO: 334) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;(Formula XVIIIk) (SEQ ID NO: 335) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²; or(Formula XVIIIl) (SEQ ID NO: 336) R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle-R²;wherein R¹, R², and Phe(DMC) are as described for Formulas XIIa-XIIc.

In one embodiment, R¹ is acetyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is H.

In one embodiment, R² is OH. In anther embodiment, R² is NH₂.

In certain embodiments of the opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I-XVIIIl comprises orconsists of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 37) H-DMT-a-G-F-nLeu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 38)H-DMT-a-G-Phe(4-F)-G-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 39) H-DMT-a-G-Phe(4-CN)-G-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 41) H-DMT-a-G-Phe(3,4-diCl)-G-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 42)H-DMT-a-G-F-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 45) H-DMT-dTic-G-F-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 60)H-Phe(4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 70)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 72)H-DMT-a-Aib-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 74)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-G-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 76)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-D-Thr-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 77)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-D-Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 70)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 81)H-DMT-G-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 82) H-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 83) H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 84)H-DMT-(D)Tyr-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 85)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Tyr-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 93)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 94)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 96)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Val-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 97)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Nva-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 99)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 102)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Tyr-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 111)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 112) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Gly-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 112) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-G1y-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 113)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)ILe-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 116)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(isopentyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 117)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 118)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(benzyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 120)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(3-propionic acid)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 121)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Phenethyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 122)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Trifluoroethyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 123)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Cyclohexyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 124)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(amyl)Gly-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 154)H-DMT-a-G-(D)N(Me)Phe-N(Me)Nle-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 155)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Leu-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 156)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Cha-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 157)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Phg-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 158)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Phe-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 159)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Nle-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 160)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Tyr-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 161)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Val-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 155)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Leu-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 156) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Cha-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 157) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Phg-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 158)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Phe-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 159) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Nle-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 160) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Tyr-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 161)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Val-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 162) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)-Nva-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 163) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF (2-Me)-N(Me)Nle-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 164)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF (3-Me)- N(Me)Nle-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 165) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-Me)- N(Me)Nle-OH;or (SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF (4-F)-N(Me)Nle-OH.

In certain embodiments of the opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I-XVIIIl comprises orconsists of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 83)H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; or (SEQ ID NO: 166)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle- OH.

In certain embodiments of the opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof of Formula I-XVIIIl comprises orconsists of the following sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 111) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 183) H-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 83)H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 83) H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF (4-F)- N(Me)Nle-OH;or (SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF (4-F)-N(Me)Nle-NH₂.

In a particular aspect, the present disclosure includes an opioidagonist peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence ofFormula I:

(Formula I) (SEQ ID NO: 339) Y1-Y2-Y3-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-Y4-Y5-Y6or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,wherein:Y1 is absent or any amino acid;Y2 is absent or any amino acid;Y3 is absent or any amino acid;X1 is Tyr, D-Tyr, a Tyr analog, Tic, a Tic analog, or a Phe analog;X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is any amino acid;X5 is absent or any amino acid;Y4 is absent or any amino acid;Y5 is absent or any amino acid; andY6 is absent or any amino acid.

In particular embodiments of peptides or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts or solvates thereof of Formula I:

Y1 is absent;Y2 is absent;Y3 is absent;

X1 is Tyr, DMT, or Phe(4-COX);

X2 is any amino acid;X3 is any amino acid;X4 is Sar or bhF unsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me,2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH;X5 is absent or any amino acid;Y4 is absent;Y5 is absent; andY6 is absent;Wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine; Phe(4-COX) is substituted orunsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂;optionally provided that when X1 is Tyr; then X4 is bhF and X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In one embodiment, X5 is absent. In another embodiment, X5 is any aminoacid. In another embodiment, X5 is an N-Methylamino acid. In anotherembodiment, X5 is a hydrophobic amino acid. In certain embodiments, X5is absent, any N-methylamino acid, or X5 is selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp,β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly,N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly. In certain embodiments, X5 is absent,a hydrophobic amino acid, or an amino acid selected from Sar, Gly,N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val,N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, Nle, (D)Glu, (D)Asp,β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly,N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, N(Me)Nva, Aib, β-Ala, (D)Glu,(D)Asp, β-homoAla, Asn, (D)Asn, N(trifluoroethyl)Gly, N(cyclohexyl)Gly,N(amyl)Gly, N(hexadecyl)Gly, N(3-isopropyloxypropyl)Gly, N(benzyl)Gly,N(cyclohexylmethyl)Gly, N(3-propanoic acid)Gly, N(phenethyl)Gly, 2-Nal,N(octyl)Gly, and N(isopentyl)Gly. In another embodiment, X5 is selectedfrom Sar, Gly, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile,N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe, and N(Me)Nva.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XIIIa, XIIIb, or XIIIc;

wherein Formula XIIIa, XIIIb, or XIIIc, DMT, Phe(4-COX), bhF, X2, X3,and X5 are as described herein; R¹ is H or acetyl; and R² is OH or NH₂;provided that when the peptide is according to formula XIIIc, then X5 isN-methylamino acid.

In a particular embodiment, X3 is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp,homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro),Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA, Gly, Sar, THP, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val,Aib, or Ala.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XIVa, XIVb, or XIVc; wherein FormulaXIVa, XIVb, or XIVc, and Phe(DMC) are as described herein; and R¹ is Hor acetyl; and R² is OH or NH₂.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to X2 is (D)Glu, (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala,(D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Tyr.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XVa, XVb, or XVc.

In a particular embodiment, X5 is (D)Glu, (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala,(D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Tyr, Sar, N(Me)Phg,N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr, N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu,N(Me)Phe.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XVIa, XVIb, XVIc, or XVId

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XVIIa, XVIIb, XVIIc, XVIId, XVIIe,XVIIf, XVIIg, XVIIh, XVIIi, XVIIj, XVIIk, or XVIIl.

In a particular embodiment, with respect to Formula I, the amino acidsequence is according to Formula XVIIIa, XVIIIb, XVIIIc, XVIIId, XVIIIe,XVIIIf, XVIIIg, XVIIIh, XVIIIi, XVIIIj, XVIIIk, or XVIIIl.

In a particular embodiment, R¹ is H. In another particular embodiment,R² is OH. In a more particular embodiment, R² is NH₂.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; or (SEQ ID NO: 43)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 111) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 183)H-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 83) H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 83)H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; or(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence is

(SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle- OH;or (SEQ ID NO: 100) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle-NH₂.

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence isH-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:43).

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence isH-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO: 183).

In a more particular embodiment, the peptide sequence isH-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:70).

One of skill in the art will appreciate that certain amino acids andother chemical moieties are modified when bound to another molecule. Forexample, an amino acid side chain may be modified when it is bound to alinker or other chemical moiety, e.g., one or more hydrogen may beremoved or replaced by the bond. Accordingly, as used herein, referenceto an amino acid or modified amino acid present in an opioid agonistpeptide is meant to include the form of such amino acid or modifiedamino acid present in the peptide both with or without a bond to alinker or other chemical moiety.

Linkers

Opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein, including both monomers anddimers, may comprise a linker moiety. In particular embodiments, alinker is attached to a C-terminal amino acid of the opioid agonistpeptide. In particular embodiments, a linker is attached to an internalamino acid of the opioid agonist peptide. In particular embodiments, alinker is attached to two opioid agonist peptide monomers to form anopioid agonist dimer peptide. In particular embodiments, the linker isattached to the C-terminal amino acid of both monomers present in thedimer. In particular embodiments, the linker is attached to internalamino acids of both monomers present in the dimer.

Any linker known in the art may be used. Linkers connecting monomers mayinclude any structure, length, and/or size that is compatible with theteachings herein. In particular embodiments, an opioid agonist peptideor opioid agonist peptide dimer comprising a peptide of Formula Icomprises any of the linkers disclosed herein. In at least oneembodiment, a linker moiety is selected from the non-limiting groupconsisting of cysteine, lysine, DIG, PEG4, PEG4-biotin, PEG13, PEG25,PEG1K, PEG2K, PEG3.4K, PEG4K, PEG5K, IDA, ADA, Boc-IDA, Glutaric acid,Isophthalic acid, 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,4-phenylenediaceticacid, 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid, Triazine, Boc-Triazine, IDA-biotin,PEG4-Biotin, AADA, suitable aliphatics, aromatics, heteroaromatics, andpolyethylene glycol based linkers having a molecular weight fromapproximately 400 Da to approximately 40,000 Da. In certain embodiments,the linker is a diethylene glycol linker, an iminodiacetic acid (IDA)linker, a β-Ala-iminodiaceticacid (β-Ala-IDA) linker, or a PEG linker.In certain embodiments, the linker comprises or consists of an ethyl,propyl, butyl, etc. Examples of suitable linkers include but are notlimited to:

Non-limiting examples of other suitable linker moieties are provided inTable 2.

TABLE 2 Illustrative Linker Moieties Linker Moiety

  IsoGlu

  Dapa

  Ahx Lipidic based linkers:  

  n = 1 to 24

  PEG1

  PEG2

  PEG11 (40 atoms) also known as PEG12

  n = 1 to 25 PEG based linkers

  OEG

  IsoGlu-Ahx

  IsoGlu-OEG-OEG

  IsoGlu-PEG5

  IsoGlu-PEGn

  βAla-PEG2

  βAla-PEG11 (40 atoms)

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptide dimers are linked via alinker conjugated to the C-terminal amino acid residues of the twopeptide monomers present in the dimer. In particular embodiments, theC-terminal amino acid residues are selected from: any amino acid with anamine side chain or as the carboxylic acid, Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Nle,N(Me)Leu, Lys, D-Lys, N(Me) Lys, D-N(Me)Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap, HomoLys,D-Dap, D-Dab, and D-Orn. In particular embodiments, the C-terminal aminoacid residue is Y4, Y5 or Y6 of Formula I. In particular embodiments,the C-terminal amino acid residues are selected from: any amino acidwith a free amine (e.g., Lys) or is selected from Sar, N(Me)Phg,N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Ile, and N(Me)Leu.

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptide dimers comprise twopeptide monomer subunits that are linked through a linker conjugated tothe C-terminal amino acids of the two monomer subunits. In particularembodiments, the C-terminal residues are linked through a linker thatcomprises or consists of a diamine, for example, ethyl, propyl, butyl,piperazine. In certain embodiments the opioid agonist peptide dimer hasa general structure similar or the same as the structure depicted belowfor one example (SEQ ID NO:43):

One having skill in the art will appreciate that the linker (e.g., C-and N-terminal linker) moieties disclosed herein are non-limitingexamples of suitable, and that any suitable linker moiety may be used.Thus, some embodiments of the present invention comprise a homo- orheterodimer opioid agonist peptide comprised of two monomers selectedfrom the peptides shown in any of tables herein or comprising orconsisting of a sequence presented in any of tables herein, wherein theC- or N-termini of the respective monomers (or internal amino acidresidues) are linked by any suitable linker moiety to provide an opioidagonist peptide dimer.

Conjugates

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein,including both monomers and dimers, comprise one or more conjugatedchemical substituents, such as lipophilic substituents and polymericmoieties, which may be referred to herein as GI restricted moieties.Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believedthat certain conjugated chemical substituents, such as, e.g., a smallPEG based substituent, can limit absorption of the opioid agonistpeptides through the GI tract. In certain embodiments, the GI restrictedmoiety is attached to an amino acid residue present in the opioidagonist peptide, e.g., the C-terminal amino acid of the opioid agonistpeptide. The GI restricted moiety may be attached to the opioid agonistpeptide via a linker, including but not limited to any of thosedescribed herein.

The GI restricted moiety is preferably water-soluble (amphiphilic orhydrophilic), non-toxic, and pharmaceutically inert. Suitable GIrestricted moieties include polyethylene glycols (PEG), homo- orco-polymers of PEG, a monomethyl-substituted polymer of PEG (mPEG), orpolyoxyethylene glycerol (POG). See, for example, Int. J. Hematology68:1 (1998); Bioconjugate Chem. 6:150 (1995); and Crit. Rev. Therap.Drug Carrier Sys. 9:249 (1992). Also encompassed are mono-activated,alkoxy-terminated polyalkylene oxides (POA's) such asmono-methoxy-terminated polyethylene glycols (mPEG's); bis activatedpolyethylene oxides (glycols) or other PEG derivatives. Other suitableGI restricted moieties include poly-amino acids such as poly-lysine,poly-aspartic acid and poly-glutamic acid (see for example Gombotz, etal. (1995), Bioconjugate Chem., vol. 6: 332-351; Hudecz, et al. (1992),Bioconjugate Chem., vol. 3, 49-57 and Tsukada, et al. (1984), J. Natl.Cancer Inst., vol. 73: 721-729. The GI restricted moiety may bestraight-chain or branched. In some embodiments, it has a molecularweight of 500-40,000 Da, for example 500-10,000 Da, 1000-5000 Da,10,000-20,000 Da, or 20,000-40,000 Da. In particular embodiments,suitable polymers will vary substantially by weights ranging from about200 Da to about 40 KDa, e.g., 200 Da to about 10,000 Da or from about200 Da to about 4,000 Da are usually selected for the purposes of thepresent invention.

In certain embodiments, a GI restricted moiety is a PEG moiety. As usedherein, “Polyethylene glycol” or “PEG” is a polyether compound ofgeneral formula H—(O-CH2-CH2)n-OH. PEGs are also known as polyethyleneoxides (PEOs) or polyoxyethylenes (POEs), depending on their molecularweight PEO, PEE, or POG, as used herein, refers to an oligomer orpolymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous,but PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecularmass below 10,000 Da or less than 20,000 Da, PEO to polymers with amolecular mass above 20,000 Da, and POE to a polymer of any molecularmass. PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on theirmolecular weights. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weightsfind use in different applications, and have different physicalproperties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemicalproperties are nearly identical. Throughout this disclosure, the threenames are used indistinguishably.

PEGs are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and arecommercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300Da to 10,000,000 Da or 300 Da to 10,000 Da. In certain embodiments, PEGshaving molecular weights from 200 to 1000 or from 200 to 500 are used.Different forms of PEG may also be used, depending on the initiator usedfor the polymerization process—a common initiator is a monofunctionalmethyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG.Lower-molecular-weight PEGs are also available as pure oligomers,referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete. These are used incertain embodiments of the present invention. PEGs are also availablewith different geometries: branched PEGs have three to ten PEG chainsemanating from a central core group; star PEGs have 10 to 100 PEG chainsemanating from a central core group; and comb PEGs have multiple PEGchains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone. PEGs can also belinear. The numbers that are often included in the names of PEGsindicate their average molecular weights (e.g. a PEG with n=9) wouldhave an average molecular weight of approximately 400 Daltons, and wouldbe labeled PEG 400.

As used herein, “PEGylation” is the act of covalently coupling a PEGstructure to the peptide inhibitor of the invention, which is thenreferred to as a “PEGylated peptide inhibitor”. In certain embodiments,the PEG of the PEGylated side chain is a PEG with a molecular weightfrom about 200 Da to about 40,000 Da or from about 200 Da to about10,000 Da. In certain embodiments, the PEG is PEG3, PEG4, PEG5, PEG6,PEG7, PEG8, PEG9, PEG10, or PEG11. The skilled worker will be well awareof suitable techniques which can be used to perform the couplingreaction.

In some embodiments, the polymeric moiety is coupled (by covalentlinkage) to an amino, carboxyl or thiol group of an amino acid sidechain. Certain examples are the epsilon amino group of Lys residues, andthe carboxyl groups of Asp and Glu residues may also be involved.

Several chemical moieties, including PEGs, react with functional groupspresent in the twenty naturally occurring amino acids, such as, forexample, the epsilon amino group in lysine amino acid residues, thethiol present in cysteine amino acid residues, or other nucleophilicamino acid side chains. When multiple naturally occurring amino acidsreact in a peptide inhibitor, these non-specific chemical reactionsresult in a final peptide inhibitor that contains many isomers ofpeptides conjugated to one or more poly(ethylene)glycol strands atdifferent locations within the peptide inhibitor.

One advantage of certain embodiments of opioid agonist peptidesdisclosed herein includes the ability to add one or more chemical moiety(such as PEG) by incorporating one or more non-natural amino acid(s)that possess unique functional groups that react with an activated PEGby way of chemistry that is unreactive with the naturally occurringamino acids present in the peptide inhibitor. For example, azide andalkyne groups are unreactive with all naturally occurring functionalgroups in a protein. Thus, a non-natural amino acid may be incorporatedin one or more specific sites in an opioid agonist peptide where PEG oranother modification is desired without the undesirable non-specificreactions. In certain embodiments, the particular chemistry involved inthe reaction results in a stable, covalent link between the PEG strandand the opioid agonist peptide. In addition, such reactions may beperformed in mild aqueous conditions that are not damaging to mostpeptides. In certain embodiments, the non-natural amino acid residue isAHA.

Chemical moieties attached to natural amino acids are limited in numberand scope. By contrast, chemical moieties attached to non-natural aminoacids can utilize a significantly greater spectrum of useful chemistriesby which to attach the chemical moiety to the target molecule.Essentially any target molecule, including any protein (or portionthereof) that includes a non-natural amino acid, e.g., a non-naturalamino acid containing a reactive site or side chain where a chemicalmoiety may attach, such as an aldehyde- or keto-derivatized amino acid,can serve as a substrate for attaching a chemical moiety.

Numerous chemical moieties may be joined or linked to a particularmolecule through various known methods in the art. A variety of suchmethods are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,568,706. As an illustrativeexample, azide moieties may be useful in conjugating chemical moietiessuch as PEG or others described herein. The azide moiety serves as areactive functional group, and is absent in most naturally occurringcompounds (thus it is unreactive with the native amino acids ofnaturally occurring compounds). Azides also undergo a selective ligationwith a limited number of reaction partners, and azides are small and canbe introduced to biological samples without altering the molecular sizeof significantly. One reaction that allows incorporation or introductionof azides to molecules is the copper-mediated Huisgen [3+2]cycloaddition of an azide. This reaction can be used for the selectivePEGylation of peptide inhibitors. (Tomoe et al., J. Org. Chem. 67: 3057,2002; Rostovtsev et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 41: 596, 2002; and Wanget al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125: 3192, 2003, Speers et al., J. Am. Chem.Soc., 2003, 125, 4686).

In particular embodiments, an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof comprising a peptide of Formula I, oran opioid agonist peptide dimer or pharmaceutically acceptable salt orsolvate thereof comprising a peptide of Formula I, further comprising aconjugated chemical substituent. In certain embodiments, the conjugatedchemical substituent is a lipophilic substituent or a polymeric moiety.In particular embodiments, the conjugated chemical substituent is Ac,Palm, gamaGlu-Palm, isoGlu-Palm, PEG2-Ac, PEG4-isoGlu-Palm, (PEG)₅-Palm,succinic acid, glutaric acid, pyroglutaric acid, benzoic acid, IVA,octanoic acid, 1,4 diaminobutane, isobutyl, or biotin. In particularembodiments, the conjugated chemical substituent is a polyethyleneglycol with a molecular mass of 400 Da to 2,000 Da.

Functional Properties

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein arestable under gastro intestinal (GI) conditions or when administeredorally. In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosedherein have a half-life in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; according to anassay described herein) of at least 60 min, at least 120 min, at least240 min, at least 360 min, at least 480 min, or at least 1200 min. Inparticular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein have ahalf-life in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF; according to an assaydescribed herein) of at least 60 min, at least 120 min, at least 240min, at least 360 min, at least 480 min, or at least 1200 min.

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein arestable in plasma or serum. In particular embodiments, opioid agonistpeptides disclosed herein have a half-life in plasma (according to anassay described herein) or serum of at least 60 min, at least 120 min,at least 240 min, at least 360 min, at least 480 min, or at least 1200min.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist peptides are stable tovarious pHs that range from strongly acidic in the stomach (pH 1.5-1.9),trending towards basic in the small intestine (pH 6-7.5), and thenweakly acidic in the colon (pH 5-7). Such opioid agonist peptides arestable during their transit through the various gastro intestinalcompartments, a process that has been estimated to take 3-4 h in theintestine and 6-48 h in the colon.

In some embodiments, the opioid agonist peptides of the presentinvention have less degradation, e.g., over a period of time (e.g., 4hours, 8 hours, 12 hours or 48 hours), e.g., greater than or about 10%less, greater than or about 20% less, greater than or about 30% less,greater than or about 40 less, or greater than or about 50% lessdegradation than a control peptide. In some embodiments, degradationstability is determined via any suitable method known in the art. Insome embodiments, the degradation is enzymatic degradation. For example,in certain embodiments, the peptide inhibitors have reducedsusceptibility to degradation by trypsin, chymotrypsin or elastase. Insome embodiments, suitable methods known in the art for determiningdegradation stability include the method described in Hawe et al., JPharm Sci, VOL. 101, No. 3, 2012, p 895-913, incorporated herein in itsentirety. Such methods are in some embodiments used to select potentopioid agonist peptides with enhanced shelf lives. In particularembodiments, opioid agonist peptide is determined using a SIF assay orSGF assay as described herein.

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed hereinagonize one or both of the mu- and delta-opioid receptors (MOR or DOR).In specific embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein have apotency (EC50) of less than 10 nM, less than 5 nM, less than 3 nM, lessthan 2 nM, less than 1 nM, less than 0.5 nM, less than 0.3 nM, less than0.2 nM, less than 0.1 nM, less than 0.05 nM, or less than 0.03 nM forone or both of MOR or DOR, e.g., as determined by a cAMP assay describedin the Examples.

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides disclosed hereinselectively agonize either the MOR or DOR, e.g., agonize either MOR orDOR to a greater degree than the other, e.g., as determined by a cAMPassay described in the Examples.

In particular embodiment, opioid agonist peptides disclosed hereinselectively agonize the MOR, and have a ratio of EC50 for DOR to EC50for MOR of at least 1:1, 1.5:1, at least 2:1, at least 3:1, at least5:1, at least 10:1, at least 20:1, at least 30:1, at least 50:1, atleast 100:1, at least 200:1, at least 300:1, at least 500:1, or at least1000:1.

In particular embodiment, opioid agonist peptides disclosed hereinselectively agonize the DOR, and have a ratio of EC50 for MOR to EC50for DOR of at least 1.5:1, at least 2:1, at least 3:1, at least 5:1, atleast 10:1, at least 20:1, at least 30:1, at least 50:1, at least 100:1,at least 200:1, at least 300:1, at least 500:1, or at least 1000:1.

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptides described herein showGI-restricted localization following oral administration. In particularembodiments, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%,greater than 80%, or greater than 90% of orally administered opioidagonist peptide is localized to gastrointestinal organs and tissues. Inparticular embodiments, blood plasma levels of orally administeredopioid agonist peptide are less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5%,less than 2%, less than 1% or less than 0.5% the levels of opioidpeptide agonist found in the small intestine mucosa, colon mucosa, orproximal colon.

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptides described here inhibitgastro intestinal (GI) mobility, such as small intestine transit, e.g.,as determined by an assay described in the Examples. In particularembodiments, GI motility is inhibited or reduced by at least 10%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 60%, ascompared to no treatment or a negative control.

In certain embodiments, opioid agonist peptides described herein reduceor inhibit pain, e.g., GI pain, e.g., as determined by an assaydescribed in the Examples. In particular embodiments, pain, e.g., GIpain, is inhibited or reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 60%, as compared to notreatment or a negative control.

The present invention also includes opioid agonist peptides comprising apeptide sequence having at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or atleast 99% sequence identity to the peptide sequence of an opioid agonistpeptide described herein. In particular embodiments, opioid agonistpeptides of the present invention comprise a core peptide sequence andone or more internal or C-terminal modification (e.g., NH₂) and/or oneor more conjugated linker moiety and/or half-life extension moiety. Asused herein, the core peptide sequence is the amino acid sequence of thepeptide absent such modifications and conjugates.

Opioid agonist peptides may be synthesized by many techniques that areknown to those skilled in the art, including routine methods ofchemically synthesizing peptides. In certain embodiments, opioid agonistpeptides are synthesized, purified, and optionally dimerized using thetechniques described in the accompanying Examples. In certainembodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing anopioid agonist peptide of the present invention, comprising chemicallysynthesizing a peptide comprising, consisting of, or consistingessentially of a peptide having an amino acid sequence described herein,including but not limited to any of the amino acid sequences set forthin any of Formula I or tables herein. In other embodiments, the peptideis recombinantly synthesized, instead of being chemically synthesized.In certain embodiments, the peptide inhibitor is a dimer, and the methodcomprises synthesizing both monomer subunits of the peptide dimer andthen dimerizing the two monomer subunits to produce the opioid agonistpeptide dimer. In various embodiments, dimerization is accomplished viaany of the various methods described herein.

The present invention also includes nucleic acids encoding peptidescomprising any of the opioid agonist peptide sequences disclosed herein,vectors comprising any of such nucleic acids, and cells comprising anyof such nucleic acids or vectors, which may be used for the in vitro orrecombinant production of the opioid agonist peptides.

Labeled Opioid Agonist Peptides

In certain embodiments, any of the opioid agonist peptides are labeled,e.g., detectably labeled. In particular embodiments, the opioid agonistpeptide is fluorescently labeled with a fluorophore or radiolabeled witha radioisotope, e.g., a stable isotope. A variety of detectablemolecules may be used, such as radioisotopes, fluorochromes, dyes,enzymes, nanoparticles, chemiluminescent markers, biotin, or othermonomer known in the art that can be detected directly (e.g., by lightemission) or indirectly (e.g., by binding of a fluorescently-labeledantibody). Methods for conjugating polypeptides and detectable labelsare well known in the art, as are methods for imaging using detectablelabels. Peptides tagged with a detectable label may be employed in awide variety of assays, employing a wide variety of labels.

Examples of detectable labels include but are not limited toradionucleotides, enzymes, coenzymes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers,chromogens, enzyme substrates or co-factors, enzyme inhibitors,prosthetic group complexes, free radicals, particles, dyes, and thelike. Several radioisotopes can be used as detectable molecules forlabeling peptides including, for example, 32P, 33P, 35S, 3H, and 1251.Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples ofsuitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin andavidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials includeumbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin,coumarin, Alexa488, Oregon green 488, rhodamine green, Alexa 532, Cy3,Bodipy 588/586, Alexa586, TAMRA, Rox, Alexa 594, Texas red, Bodipy630/650, Cy5, Alexa647, IR Dye 680, IR Dye 680, IR Dye 700 DX, Cy5.5,Alexa 750, IR Dye 800CW, IR Dye 800, Atto 532, Atto 465; an example of aluminescent material is luminol; examples of bioluminescent materialsinclude luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin; and examples of suitableradioactive material include 125 I, 131 I, 35 S, or 3 H. In someembodiments, the detectable labels include fluorescent proteins. In someembodiments of the present invention, detectable labels also includequenchers suitable for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)pairings. Examples of suitable quenchers include Dabcyl, BHQ1, BHQ2,BHQ3, CY5Q, CY7Q, Iowablack FQ, Iowablack RQ, IR Dye QC-1, QSY35, QSKY7,QXL570, QXL610, QXL680.

In certain embodiments, any of the opioid agonist peptides aredeuterated at one or more positions, i.e., they comprise deuteriuminstead of hydrogen at one or more positions. Deuterium is anaturally-occurring, stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen.Selective incorporation of deuterium in place of hydrogen (deuteration)typically retains that biochemical potency and selectivity of aphysiologically active compound, and may confer favorable properties,such as increased stability, and/or therapeutic safety, efficacy, and/ortolerability. Methods of selectively incorporating deuterium instead ofhydrogen are known in the art.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use

The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositionscomprising an opioid agonist peptide disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier. Apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient refers to anon-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulatingmaterial or formulation auxiliary of any type, e.g., a buffer.Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by theinclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example,paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are formulated to beadministered orally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally,intraperitoneally, intrarectally, intraenteral, topically (such as bypowders, ointments, drops, suppository, or transdermal patch), byinhalation (such as intranasal spray), ocularly (such as intraocularly)or buccally. The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes ofadministration which include intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous, intradermal andintraarticular injection and infusion.

In some aspects, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition fororal delivery. Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared for oraladministration according to any of the methods, techniques, and/ordelivery vehicles described herein. Further, one having skill in the artwill appreciate that the opioid agonist peptides may be integrated intoa system or delivery vehicle that is not disclosed herein, yet is wellknown in the art and compatible for use in oral delivery of peptides.

In particular embodiments, oral dosage forms or unit doses compatiblefor use with the opioid agonist peptides of the present invention mayinclude a mixture of opioid agonist peptide and nondrug components orexcipients, as well as other non-reusable materials that may beconsidered either as an ingredient or packaging. Oral compositions mayinclude at least one of a liquid, a solid, and a semi-solid dosageforms. In some embodiments, an oral dosage form is provided comprisingan effective amount of an opioid agonist peptide, wherein the dosageform comprises at least one of a pill, a tablet, a capsule, a gel, apaste, a drink, a syrup, ointment, and suppository. In some instances,an oral dosage form is provided that is designed and configured toachieve delayed release of the opioid agonist peptide in the subject'ssmall intestine and/or colon.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions for oraladministration comprise adjuvants (e.g., resorcinols and/or nonionicsurfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether andn-hexadecylpolyethylene ether) to artificially increase the permeabilityof the intestinal walls, and/or enzymatic inhibitors (e.g., pancreatictrypsin inhibitors, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFF) or trasylol) toinhibit enzymatic degradation. In certain embodiments, the opioidagonist peptide of a solid-type dosage form for oral administration canbe mixed with at least one additive, such as sucrose, lactose,cellulose, mannitol, trehalose, raffinose, maltitol, dextran, starches,agar, alginates, chitins, chitosans, pectins, gum tragacanth, gumarabic, gelatin, collagen, casein, albumin, synthetic or semisyntheticpolymer, or glyceride. These dosage forms can also contain other type(s)of additives, e.g., inactive diluting agent, lubricant such as magnesiumstearate, paraben, preserving agent such as sorbic acid, ascorbic acid,alpha-tocopherol, antioxidants such as cysteine, disintegrators,binders, thickeners, buffering agents, pH adjusting agents, sweeteningagents, flavoring agents or perfuming agents.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising anopioid agonist peptide is provided in an enteric coating, the entericcoating being designed to protect and release the pharmaceuticalcomposition in a controlled manner within the subject's lowergastrointestinal system, and to avoid systemic side effects. In oneembodiment, the enteric coating delays release of the peptide inhibitorin the small intestine. In at least some embodiments, a pharmaceuticalcomposition is provided which comprises an opioid agonist peptide and aprotease inhibitor, such as aprotinin, in a delayed releasepharmaceutical formulation. In some instances, pharmaceuticalcompositions of the instant invention comprise an enteric coat that issoluble in gastric juice at a pH of about 5.0 or higher. In at least oneembodiment, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising anenteric coating comprising a polymer having dissociable carboxylicgroups, such as derivatives of cellulose, including hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, cellulose acetate phthalate and cellulose acetatetrimellitate and similar derivatives of cellulose and other carbohydratepolymers.

In addition to enteric coatings, the opioid agonist peptides and relatedpharmaceutical compositions may be encapsulated, coated, engaged orotherwise associated within any compatible oral drug delivery system orcomponent. For example, in some embodiments an opioid agonist peptide orrelated pharmaceutical composition is provided in a lipid carrier systemcomprising at least one of polymeric hydrogels, nanoparticles,microspheres, micelles, and other lipid systems.

Various bioresponsive systems may also be combined with one or moreopioid agonist peptide to provide a pharmaceutical agent for oraldelivery. In some embodiments, an opioid agonist peptide is used incombination with a bioresponsive system, such as hydrogels andmucoadhesive polymers with hydrogen bonding groups (e.g., PEG,poly(methacrylic) acid [PMAA], cellulose, Eudragit®, chitosan andalginate) to provide a therapeutic agent for oral administration. Otherembodiments include a method for optimizing or prolonging drug residencetime for an opioid agonist peptide, wherein the opioid agonist peptidesurface is modified to comprise mucoadhesive properties through hydrogenbonds, polymers with linked mucins or/and hydrophobic interactions.These modified peptide molecules may demonstrate increase drug residencetime within the subject, in accordance with a desired feature of theinvention. Moreover, targeted mucoadhesive systems may specifically bindto receptors at the enterocytes and M-cell surfaces, thereby furtherincreasing the uptake of particles containing the opioid agonistpeptide.

Other embodiments include a pharmaceutical composition comprising anopioid agonist peptide and a permeation enhancer to promote thetransport of the peptides across the intestinal mucosa by increasingparacellular or transcellular permeation. Various permeation enhancersand methods for the oral delivery of therapeutic agents are described inBrayden, D. J., Mrsny, R. J., 2011. Oral peptide delivery: prioritizingthe leading technologies. Ther. Delivery 2 (12), 1567-1573. Examples ofpermeation or absorption enhancers include Bile salts, fatty acids,surfactants (anionic, cationic, and nonanionic) chelators, Zonular OT,esters, cyclodextrin, dextran sulfate, azone, crown ethers, EDTA,sucrose esters, and phosphotidyl choline, for example. Althoughabsorption enhancers are not typically carriers by themselves, they arealso widely associated with other carriers to improve oralbioavailability by transporting of peptides and proteins across theintestinal mucosa. Such substances can be added to the pharmaceuticalcomposition as excipients or incorporated to form non-specificinteractions with the intended opioid agonist peptide.

Dietary components and/or other naturally occurring substances affirmedas enhancing tight junction permeation and as Generally Recognized asSafe (GRAS) include, e.g., asglycerides, acylcamitines, bile salts, andmedium chain fatty acids. Sodium salts of medium chain fatty acids(MCFAS) were also suggested to be permeation enhancers. The mostextensively studied MCFAS is sodium caproate, a salt of capric acid,which comprises 2-3% of the fatty acids in the milk fat fraction. Todate, sodium caproate is mainly used as an excipient in a suppositoryformulation (Doktacillin™) for improving rectal ampicillin absorption.The permeation properties of another dietary MCFAS, sodium caprylate(8-carbon), were shown in vitro to be lower when compared to sodiumcaprate. Sodium caprylate and a peptidic drug were formulated in anadmixture with other excipients in oil to generate an oily suspension(OS) that enhanced permeability (Tuvia, S. et al., PharmaceuticalResearch, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 2010-2021 (2014).

For example, in one embodiment, a permeation enhancer is combined withan opioid agonist peptide, wherein the permeation enhancer comprises atleast one of a medium-chain fatty acid, a long-chain fatty acid, a bilesalt, an amphiphilic surfactant, and a chelating agent. In certainembodiments, medium-chain fatty acid salts promote absorption byincreasing paracellular permeability of the intestinal epithelium. Inone embodiment, a permeation enhancer comprising sodiumN-[hydroxybenzoyl)amino] caprylate is used to form a weak noncovalentassociation with the opioid agonist peptide, wherein the permeationenhancer favors membrane transport and further dissociation oncereaching the blood circulation. In another embodiment, an opioid agonistpeptide is conjugated to oligoarginine, thereby increasing cellularpenetration of the peptide into various cell types. Further, in at leastone embodiment a noncovalent bond is provided between an opioid agonistpeptide and a permeation enhancer selected from the group consisting ofa cyclodextrin (CD) and a dendrimer, wherein the permeation enhancerreduces peptide aggregation and increasing stability and solubility forthe opioid agonist peptide.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or formulationcomprises an opioid agonist peptide and a transient permeabilityenhancers (TPEs). Permeation enhancers and TPEs may be used to increaseoral bioavailability of the opioid agonist peptide. One example of a TPEthat may be used is an oily suspension formulation that disperses apowder containing sodium caprylate and a therapeutic agent (Tuvia, S. etal., Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 2010-2021 (2014).

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition and formulations mayinclude an opioid agonist peptide and one or more absorption enhancers,enzyme inhibitors, or mucoso adhesive polymers.

When present in any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein,the opioid agonist peptide may be present in pure form or in apharmaceutically acceptable salt form.

In particular embodiments, opioid agonist peptides are formulated in aformulation vehicle, such as, e.g., emulsions, liposomes, microsphere ornanoparticles.

The opioid agonist peptides may be used to agonize one or both of theMOR and DOR. In particular embodiments, a method of agonizing one ormore of the MOR and DOR comprises contacting a cell comprising a MORand/or a DOR with an opioid agonist peptide described herein. The methodmay be practiced in vitro, e.g., using cultured cells, or in vivo, e.g.,by providing to a subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising theopioid agonist peptide. In particular embodiments, a method ofselectively agonizing the MOR is provided, wherein the method comprisescontacting a cell comprising a MOR (and optionally a DOR) with an opioidagonist peptide described herein that selectively agonizes MOR ascompared to DOR. In particular embodiments, a method of selectivelyagonizing a DOR is provided, comprising contacting a cell comprising aDOR (and optionally a MOR) with an opioid agonist peptide describedherein that selectively agonizes DOR as compared to MOR. In particularembodiments, the selective DOR agonist comprises a lipophilic amino acidat X5 of Formula I.

In particular embodiments, the opioid agonist peptides are used to treator prevent gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders, GI enteric pain, GIinflammation, and diseases associated with enteric pain.

The opioid agonist peptides may be used to inhibit or reduce gastrointestinal motility, e.g., motility in the small intestine. Methods forinhibiting gastro intestinal motility comprise providing to a subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an opioid agonist peptide disclosed herein. In particularembodiments, the subject has been diagnosed with or is considered atrisk of developing diarrhea. In certain embodiments, the subject hasbeen diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, (IBS), IBS with diarrhea,inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease,or celiac disease. In particular embodiments, the methods are used totreat or prevent diseases associated with defects in motility such asbut not limited to: bowel incontinence (also referred to as fecalincontinence or accidental bowel leakage (ABL), acute radiation injury,scleroderma, and short bowel syndrome. In particular embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is provided to the subject orally.

The opioid agonist peptides may be used to inhibit or reduce pain ordiscomfort, e.g., pain or discomfort associated with a gastro intestinaldisease or disorder, including but not limited to, irritable bowelsyndrome, (IBS), IBS with diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or celiac disease. Methods forinhibiting or reducing pain or discomfort, e.g., gastro intestinal painor discomfort, comprise providing to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an opioidagonist peptide disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, the methodsare used to treat or prevent enteric pain, and diseases associated withenteric pain such as: intestinal pseudo-obstruction, centrally mediatedabdominal pain syndrome (CAPS), and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Inparticular embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is provided tothe subject orally.

The opioid agonist peptides may be used to treat or prevent a gastrointestinal or inflammatory disease or disorder, e.g., a gastrointestinal inflammatory disease or disorder. Methods for treating orpreventing a gastro intestinal disease or disorder or inflammatorydisease or disorder, comprise providing to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising an opioidagonist peptide disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the subjecthas been diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome, (IBS), IBS withdiarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease, or celiac disease. In particular embodiments, the methods areused to treat or prevent a disease or disorder associated with GIinflammation, such as, e.g., Celiac disease (nontropical Sprue),enteropathy associated with seronegative arthropathies, microscopiccolitis, collagenous colitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis/esophagitis,colitis associated with radio- or chemo-therapy, colitis associated withdisorders of innate immunity as in leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1, orpouchitis resulting after proctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis. Inparticular embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is provided tothe subject orally.

In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is irritable bowelsyndrome (IBS), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), mixedirritable bowel syndrome (mixed IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs), juvenile IBD, adolescent IBD, or Crohn's disease. In particularembodiments, the disease or disorder is ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease, Celiac disease (nontropical Sprue), enteropathy associated withseronegative arthropathies, microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis,eosinophilic gastroenteritis/esophagitis, colitis associated with radio-or chemo-therapy, colitis associated with disorders of innate immunityas in leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1, or pouchitis resulting afterproctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis.

Various embodiments of the invention disclosed herein provide methodsfor treating a subject with an opioid agonist peptide or pharmaceuticalcomposition described herein. In one aspect, the present inventionprovides an opioid agonist peptide having a half-life of at leastseveral hours to one day in vitro or in vivo (e.g., when administered toa human subject) sufficient for daily (q.d.) or twice daily (b.i.d.)dosing of a therapeutically effective amount. In another embodiment, theopioid agonist peptide has a half-life of three days or longersufficient for weekly (q.w.) dosing of a therapeutically effectiveamount. Further, in another embodiment, the opioid agonist peptide has ahalf-life of eight days or longer sufficient for bi-weekly (b.i.w.) ormonthly dosing of a therapeutically effective amount.

The total daily usage of the opioid agonist peptides and pharmaceuticalcompositions can be decided by the attending physician within the scopeof sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective doselevel for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding: a) the disorder being treated and the severity of thedisorder; b) activity of the specific compound employed; c) the specificcomposition employed, d) the age, body weight, general health, sex anddiet of the patient; e) the time of administration, route ofadministration, and rate of excretion of the specific peptide inhibitoremployed; f) the duration of the treatment; g) drugs used in combinationor coincidental with the specific peptide inhibitor employed, and likefactors well known in the medical arts.

In particular embodiments, the total daily dose of the opioid agonistpeptides provided to a human or other mammal host in single or divideddoses may be in amounts, for example, from 0.0001 to 300 mg/kg bodyweight daily or 1 to 300 mg/kg body weight daily.

In addition to the methods described in the Examples herein, thepeptides of the present invention may be produced using methods known inthe art including chemical synthesis, biosynthesis or in vitro synthesisusing recombinant DNA methods, and solid phase synthesis. See e.g. Kelly& Winkler (1990) Genetic Engineering Principles and Methods, vol. 12, J.K. Setlow ed., Plenum Press, NY, pp. 1-19; Merrifield (1964) J Amer ChemSoc 85:2149; Houghten (1985) PNAS USA 82:5131-5135; and Stewart & Young(1984) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2 ed. Pierce, Rockford, Ill.,which are herein incorporated by reference. The hepcidin analogues ofthe present invention may be purified using protein purificationtechniques known in the art such as reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC), ion-exchange or immunoaffinitychromatography, filtration or size exclusion, or electrophoresis. SeeOlsnes, S. and A. Pihl (1973) Biochem. 12(16):3121-3126; and Scopes(1982) Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, NY, which are hereinincorporated by reference. Alternatively, the hepcidin analogues of thepresent invention may be made by recombinant DNA techniques known in theart. Thus, polynucleotides that encode the polypeptides of the presentinvention are contemplated herein. In certain preferred embodiments, thepolynucleotides are isolated. As used herein “isolated polynucleotides”refers to polynucleotides that are in an environment different from thatin which the polynucleotide naturally occurs.

EXAMPLES

The following examples demonstrate certain specific embodiments of thepresent invention. The following examples were carried out usingstandard techniques that are well known and routine to those of skill inthe art, except where otherwise described in detail. It is to beunderstood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and donot purport to be wholly definitive as to conditions or scope of theinvention. As such, they should not be construed in any way as limitingthe scope of the present invention.

Abbreviations

DCM: dichloromethane

DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide NMP: N-methylpyrolidone

HBTU: O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphateHATU: 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate

DCC: Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide NHS: N-hydoxysuccinimide

DIPEA: diisopropylethylamineEtOH: ethanolEt2O: diethyl etherHy: hydrogenTFA: trifluoroacetic acidTIS: triisopropylsilaneACN: acetonitrileHPLC: high performance liquid chromatographyESI-MS: electron spray ionization mass spectrometryPBS: phosphate-buffered salineBoc: t-butoxycarbonyl

Fmoc: Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl

Acm: acetamidomethylIVA: Isovaleric acid (or Isovaleryl)

Unless otherwise specified, reagents and solvents employed in thefollowing were available commercially in standard laboratory reagent oranalytical grade, and were used without further purification.

Example 1 Representative Synthesis of Peptide Analogues Synthesis ofDMT-D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Gly-NH₂

Step 1: Synthesis of Resin (B)

To the Rink Amide-MBHA resin A (5 g, 3.3 mmol, 0.66 mmol/g loading),piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirred atroom temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excess reagent wasfiltered off from the resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and leftstirred for an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filteredoff, and the resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 2: Synthesis of Gly-Resin (C)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-Glycine (1.96 g, 6.6 mmol),oxyma (0.937 g, 6.6 mmol) and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) (1 mL,6.6 mmol) at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (A) andleft stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. At the end, the excessreagent was filtered off, washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 3: Synthesis of Gly-Resin (D)

To the above resin (B), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) wasadded and left stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solventand excess reagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF(4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 4: Synthesis of Beta-homoPhe-Gly-Resin (E)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-beta-homophenylalanine (2.64g, 6.6 mmol), oxyma (0.937 g, 6.6 mmol) and DIC (1 mL, 6.6 mmol) at roomtemperature for an hour was added to the resin (C) and left stirred atroom temperature for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent wasfiltered off, washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 5: Synthesis of Beta-homoPhe-Gly-Resin (F)

To the resin (D), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 6: Synthesis of Gly-bhF-Gly-Resin (G)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-Glycine (1.96 g, 6.6 mmol),oxyma (0.937 g, 6.6 mmol) and DIC (1 mL, 6.6 mmol) at room temperaturefor an hour was added to the resin (D) and left stirred for 3 hours. Atthe end, the excess reagent was filtered off, washed with DMF (4×20 mL)and dried.

Step 7: Synthesis of Gly-bhF-Gly-Resin (H)

To the resin (F), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 8: Synthesis of D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Resin (I)

The oxyma ester, prepared by stirring Fmoc-D-Alanine (2.05 g, 6.6 mmol),oxyma (0.937 g, 6.6 mmol) and DIC (1 mL, 6.6 mmol) at room temperaturefor an hour was added to the resin (G) and left stirred for 3 hours. Atthe end, the excess reagent was filtered off, washed with DMF (4×20 mL)and dried.

Step 9: Synthesis of D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Resin (J)

To the resin (H), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 10: Synthesis of DMT-D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Gly-Resin (K) (SEQ ID NO:112)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-2,6-dimethyl-tyrosine (2.84 g,6.6 mmol), oxyma (0.937 g, 6.6 mmol) and DIC (1 mL, 6.6 mmol) at roomtemperature for an hour was added to the resin (I) and left stirred for3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off, washed withDMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 11: Synthesis of DMT-D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Gly-Resin (L) (SEQ ID NO: 112)

To the resin (J), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 12: Synthesis of DMT-D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Gly-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 112)

The resin (K) (5.5 g) was then split in to 4 portions and to eachportion a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (9 mL), water (0.5 mL),triisopropylsilane (0.25 mL) and 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol (0.25mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours to cleave thepentapeptide from the resin. The resin was filtered off. To thefiltrate, cold ether was added (30 mL). A white precipitate formed wasfiltered off and washed with ether (3×20 mL) and air dried.

The white precipitate (3 g) was then dissolved in acetonitrile/watermixture (5%, 30 mL), injected in to preparative HPLC column and elutedwith a mixture of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid(25% to 65% gradient in 60 minutes with a flow rate of 75 mL/min) toobtain pure (>96%) peptide (DMT-D(Ala)-Gly-bhF-Sar-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO:43)as white fluffy solid after freezing and lyophilizing the pure HPLCfractions.

The other peptides are or can also be prepared following proceduressimilar to Example 1. The mass spect data of the representative peptidesof the present invention is listed in Table 3A.

Example 2 Representative Synthesis of Peptide Dimer Analogues

Synthesis of Resin (A)

To the Rink Amide-MBHA resin (1 g, 0.66 mmol), piperidine in DMF (20 mL,20% solution) was added and left stirred at room temperature for 15minutes. The solvent and excess reagent was filtered off from the resinand washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 1: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (B)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-D-Lys(Boc)-OH (0.619 g, 1.32mmol), oxyma (0.142 g, 1.98 mmol) and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC)(0.265 mL, 1.71 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) at room temperature for an hour wasadded to the resin (A) and left stirred at room temperature for 3 hours.At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off, washed with DMF (4×20mL) and dried.

Step 2: Synthesis of NH₂-D-Ly(Boc)-Resin (C)

To the above resin (B), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) wasadded and left stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solventand excess reagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF(4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 3: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (D)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-Sar-OH (0.411 g, 1.32 mmol),oxyma (0.142 g, 1.98 mmol) and DIC (0.265 mL, 1.71 mmol) in DMF (30 mL)at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (C) and leftstirred at room temperature for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagentwas filtered off, washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 4: Synthesis of NH₂-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (E)

To the resin (D), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 5: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (F)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-bhF-OH (0.530 g, 1.32 mmol),oxyma (0.142 g, 1.98 mmol) and DIC (0.530 mL, 3.42 mmol) in DMF (45 mL)at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (E) and leftstirred for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off,washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 6: Synthesis of NH₂-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (G)

To the resin (F), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from the resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 7: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-resin (H) (SEQ IDNO:337)

The oxyma ester, prepared by stirring Fmoc-Gly-OH (0.784 g, 2.64 mmol),oxyma (0.562 g, 3.96 mmol) and DIC (0.530 mL, 3.43 mmol) in DMF (45 mL)at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (G) and leftstirred for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off,washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 8: Synthesis of NH₂-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (I) (SEQ IDNO:337)

To the resin (H), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 9: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-D-Ala-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (J) (SEQID NO:338)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-D-Ala-OH (0.821 g, 2.64 mmol),oxyma (0.784 g, 2.64 mmol) and DIC (0.530 mL, 3.43 mmol) in DMF (45 mL)at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (I) and leftstirred for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off,washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 10: Synthesis of NH₂-D-Ala-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (K) (SEQ IDNO:338)

To the resin (J), piperidine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added andleft stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent and excessreagent was filtered off from resin and washed with DMF (4×20 mL).

Again, pieridine in DMF (20 mL, 20% solution) was added and left stirredfor an hour. Again, the solvent and excess reagent was filtered off, andthe resin was washed with DMF (5×20 mL) and dried under vacuum.

Step 11: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-DMT-D-Ala-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys(Boc)-Resin (L)(SEQ ID NO:270)

The oxyma ester prepared by stirring Fmoc-DMT-OH (1.44 g, 2.64 mmol),oxyma (0.784 g, 2.64 mmol) and DIC (0.530 mL, 3.43 mmol) in DMF (45 mL)at room temperature for an hour was added to the resin (K) and leftstirred for 3 hours. At the end, the excess reagent was filtered off,washed with DMF (4×20 mL) and dried.

Step 12: Synthesis of Fmoc-NH-DMT-D-Ala-Gly-bhF-Sar-D-Lys-NH₂ (M) (SEQID NO:270)

To the resin (L) a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (9 mL), water (0.5mL), triisopropylsilane (0.25 mL) and 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol(0.25 mL) was added and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours tocleave the peptide from the resin. The resin was filtered off. To thefiltrate, cold ether was added (30 mL). A white precipitate formed wasfiltered off and washed with ether (3×20 mL) and air dried.

Step 13: Synthesis of Dimer (N) (SEQ ID NO:271):

To the monomer peptide M (0.170 g, 0.185 mmol) dissolved in DMF (3 mL),activated DIG linker (0.926 mL, 0.5 eq), prepared from mixing DIG (1eq.), n-hydroxysuccinamide (2.1 eq.), DCC (2.1 eq) and DIEA (5 eg) wasadded and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Cold ether (20 mL)was added to the reaction mixture to obtain the dimer N as a stickysolid.

Step 14: Synthesis of Dimer (O) (SEQ ID NO:271):

To the dimer N (116 mg), 20% piperidine in DMF (3 mL) was added andshaken for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cold ether (20 mL) was addedto crash the dimer O as a white solid. The white solid was thendissolved in acetonitrile/water mixture (5%, 30 mL), injected in topreparative HPLC column and eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile andwater with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (17% to 35% gradient in 60 minuteswith a flow rate of 70 mL/min) to obtain pure (>96%) dimer peptide O asa white fluffy solid after freezing and lyophilizing the pure HPLCfractions (48 mg). The dimer O was confirmed my mass spectra (1491.70,M+1).

TABLE 3A Mass Spect data of representative peptides having the indicatedamino acid sequence MS Seq. ID MW (M + 1) 1 640.8 641.8 2 639.8 640.8 3715.9 716.9 4 629.8 630.8 5 653.8 654.8 7 639.8 640.8 8 509.6 510.6 9582.7 583.7 10 511.6 512.6 11 638.8 639.8 12 611.7 612.7 13 649.8 650.814 672.4 673.4 15 672.4 673.4 16 676.4 677.4 17 718.4 719.4 18 672.4673.4 19 600.3 601.3 20 607.3 608.3 21 594.3 595.3 22 650.6 651.6 23658.4 659.4 24 638.4 639.4 25 642.4 643.4 26 658.4 659.4 27 681.0 682.028 624.8 625.8 29 624.8 625.8 30 610.8 611.8 31 663.8 664.8 32 658.4659.4 33 644.8 645.8 34 607.7 608.7 35 621.7 622.7 36 734.9 735.9 37596.7 597.7 38 558.6 559.6 39 565.6 566.6 40 552.6 553.6 41 609.5 610.542 554.6 555.6 43 568.7 569.7 44 585.7 586.7 45 642.8 643.8 46 511.7512.7 47 568.7 569.7 48 553.7 554.7 49 610.8 611.8 50 554.0 555.0 51554.0 555.0 52 596.0 597.0 53 540.0 541.0 54 554.0 555.0 55 574.5 575.556 541.0 542.0 57 558.0 559.0 58 557.0 558.0 59 581.0 582.0 60 568.0569.0 61 553.0 554.0 62 541.0 542.0 63 580.0 581.0 64 582.0 583.0 65638.0 639.0 66 582.0 583.0 67 624.0 625.0 68 624.0 625.0 69 610.0 611.070 595.0 596.0 71 584.0 585.0 72 596.0 597.0 73 582.0 583.0 74 581.0582.0 75 609.0 610.0 76 625.0 626.0 77 639.0 640.0 78 694.0 695.0 79595.0 596.0 80 595.0 596.0 81 554.0 555.0 82 598.0 599.0 83 612.0 613.084 660.0 661.0 85 687.0 688.0 86 609.0 610.0 87 569.0 570.0 88 569.0570.0 89 568.0 569.0 90 582.0 583.0 91 667.0 668.0 92 653.0 654.0 93611.0 612.0 94 581.0 582.0 95 653.0 654.0 96 639.0 640.0 97 639.0 640.098 693.0 694.0 99 673.0 674.0 100 687.0 688.0 101 653.0 654.0 102 703.0704.0 103 683.0 684.0 104 656.0 657.0 105 592.0 593.0 106 726.0 727.0107 566.0 567.0 108 593.0 594.0 109 630.1 631.1 110 721.2 722.2 111584.0 585.0 112 554.0 555.0 113 626.0 627.0 114 695.0 696.0 115 666.0667.0 116 625.0 626.0 117 655.0 656.0 118 644.0 645.0 119 651.0 652.0120 627.0 628.0 121 658.0 659.0 122 636.0 637.0 123 636.0 637.0 124625.0 626.0 125 779.0 780.0 126 666.8 667.8 127 666.8 667.8 128 666.8667.8 131 670.4 671.4 136 778.7 779.7 137 687.3 688.3 138 668.8 669.8139 691.9 692.9 140 640.0 641.0 141 639.8 640.8 142 639.8 640.8 143643.8 644.8 144 643.8 644.8 145 643.8 644.8 146 704.7 705.7 150 751.7752.7 151 660.2 661.2 152 641.8 642.8 153 664.8 665.8 154 624.8 625.8155 625.0 626.0 156 665.0 666.0 157 645.0 646.0 158 659.0 660.0 159625.0 626.0 160 675.0 676.0 161 611.0 612.0 162 611.0 612.0 163 666.8667.8 164 666.8 667.8 165 666.8 667.8 166 670.4 671.4 167 687.2 688.2168 668.6 669.6 169 669.0 670.0 170 627.0 628.0 171 742.0 743.0 172669.0 670.0 173 655.0 656.0 174 655.0 656.0 175 709.0 710.0 176 689.0690.0 177 703.0 704.0 178 669.0 670.0 179 598.0 599.0 180 719.0 720.0181 639.0 640.0 182 655.0 656.0 183 613.0 614.0 184 610.0 611.0 185641.0 642.0 186 683.0 684.0 187 626.0 627.0 188 665.8 666.8 189 665.8666.8 190 665.8 666.8 193 669.4 670.4 198 777.7 778.7 199 686.3 687.3200 667.8 668.8 201 690.9 691.9 202 639.0 640.0 203 638.8 639.8 204638.8 639.8 205 642.8 643.8 206 642.8 643.8 207 642.8 643.8 208 703.7704.7 212 750.7 751.7 213 659.2 660.2 214 640.8 641.8 215 663.8 664.8267 1248.5 1248.9 268 1336.6 1336.9 269 1476 1476.65 270 1248.5 1248.9271 1491.7 1491.70 272 2048.4 2049 273 2577.1 2578

Example 3 Opioid Agonist Peptides Agonize MOR and DOR

The ability of opioid agonist peptides disclosed herein to agonize theμ-opioid receptor (MOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) was determined. Inaddition, the gastric stability of the opioid agonist peptides wasevaluated in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid(SIF), and plasma.

MOR and DOR Agonist cAMP Assays

The HitHunter® cAMP chemiluminescent assay kit (DiscoveRx, Cat#90-0075SM25) was used to detect cAMP production in cAMP Hunter™ Gα_(i) celllines over expressing either Human-ORPM1 (Discoverx, Catalog#95-0107C2)or Human-ORPD1 (DiscoveRx, Catalog#95-0108C2). Opioid agonist binding tothe Gα_(i) receptors inhibits the intracellular cAMP accumulationinduced by forskolin, which activates adenylate cyclase and increasesintracellular levels of cAMP.

Cells were cultured in media consisting of Ham's F-12 Nutrient Mix (LifeTechnologies, Catalog#31765035), 10% FBS (Life Technologies,Catalog#16140-071), 4 mM GlutaMAX (Life Technologies,Catalog#35050-061), 2 nM HEPES (Life Technologies), 100 ug/ml ofPenn-Strep (Life Technologies) and 0.5 mg/ml Geneticin (LifeTechnologies, Catalog#10131-027). The cultures were maintained at 37° C.under 5% CO₂.

In preparation for cAMP assay, the cells were seeded at a density of300,000 cells/ml in 100 ul of media/well in 96-well microplate. Wellsthat were designated for cAMP standards were left empty. After anovernight incubation to allow for cells to adhere to the plate, themedia was replaced with 30 ul of cell assay buffer composed of 1×HBSS+10mM HEPES.

Opioid agonist serial dilutions were prepared in separate dilution plate(11-point series of 3× (3-fold) dilution) in Cell Assay buffer,including 3× forskolin for Gα_(i) target. For Hunter CHO-K1 OPRM1 orCHO-K1 OPRD1 Gα_(i) Cell Lines, the final forskolin concentration was 20uM.

15 ul of each 3× opioid agonist serial dilution was added in thepresence of forskolin in duplicate to the designated wells. The finalconcentration of each dilution was at 3× of the final screeningconcentration. The assay plate was incubated for 30 min, at 37° C. under5% CO₂.

Cellular cAMP concentrations were measured using the HitHunter cAMPAssay kit following the manufacturer's protocol. HitHunter cAMP assay isa gain-of-signal competitive immunoassay based on Enzyme FragmentComplementation (EFC) technology. The kit uses β-galactosidase (β-gal)enzyme split into Enzyme Donor (ED) and Enzyme Acceptor (EA). Thecellular cAMP and ED-labelled cAMP compete for anti-cAMP antibody.Antibody-bound-ED-cAMP will not be able to complement with EA. Whencellular cAMP level is high, it competes for the anti-cAMP antibody,thereby releasing ED-cAMP to complement with EA to produce a luminescentsignal. The amount of signal is directly proportional to the amount ofcAMP in cells and can be quantified using cAMP standards. The assayplates were read using a PerkinElmer Envision instrument to detect thechemiluminescence signal in each well (luminescence reader at 0.1 to 1second/well). Data analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism 7. EC₅₀was calculated by nonlinear regression, using the four-parameter hillequation.

SGF Assay

SGF was prepared by adding 20 mg NaCl, 32 mg porcine pepsin (MPBiochemicals, catalog 02102599), and 70 μl HCl to 10 ml water (finalpH=2). Aliquots of SGF (0.5 ml each) were pre-warmed at 37° C. To startthe reaction, 1 μl of opioid agonist peptide stock solution (10 mM inDMSO) was added to 0.5 ml SGF and thoroughly mixed such that the finalpeptide concentration was 20 μM. The reactions were incubated at 37° C.with gentle shaking.

At each timepoint (0, 15, 30, 60 min) 50 μl aliquots were removed andadded to 200 ul of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid to quenchthe reaction. Samples were stored at 4° C. until the end of theexperiment and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Aliquots of thesupernatant were removed, diluted 1:1 into distilled water containinginternal standard, and analyzed by LCMS/MS. The percent of the opioidagonist peptide remaining at each timepoint was calculated based on thepeak area response ratio of the opioid agonist peptide to the internalstandard. Time 0 was set to 100%, and all later timepoints werecalculated relative to time 0. Half-lives were calculated by fitting toa first-order exponential decay equation using GraphPad.

SIF Assay

SIF was prepared by adding 6.8 g of monobasic potassium phosphate and10.0 g of pancreatin to 1.0 L of water. After dissolution, the pH wasadjusted to 6.8 using NaOH. DMSO stocks (2 mM) were prepared for each ofthe opioid agonist peptides. Aliquots of the DMSO solutions were dosedinto 6 individual tubes, each containing 0.5 mL of SIF, which waspre-warmed to 37° C. The final opioid agonist peptide concentration was20 μM. The vials were kept in a benchtop Thermomixer® for the durationof the experiment. At each timepoint (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, or 360minutes or 24 hours), 1.0 mL of acetonitrile containing 1% formic acidwas added to one vial to terminate the reaction. Samples were stored at4° C. until the end of the experiment. After the final timepoint wassampled, the tubes were mixed and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10minutes. Aliquots of the supernatant were removed, diluted 1:1 intodistilled water containing an internal standard, and analyzed byLCMS/MS. The percent of the opioid agonist peptide remaining at eachtimepoint was calculated based on the peak area response ratio of opioidagonist peptide to the internal standard. Time 0 was set to 100%, andall later timepoints were calculated relative to time 0. Half-lives werecalculated by fitting to a first-order exponential decay equation usingGraph pad.

Plasma Assay

Peptides of interest (20 uM) were incubated with pre-warmed mouse plasma(BioreclamationIVT) at 37° C. Aliquots were taken at various time pointsup to 24 hours (e.g. 0, 0.25, 1, 3, 6 and 24 hr), and immediatelyquenched with 4 volumes of organic solvent (acetonitrile/methanol (1:1)and 0.1% formic acid, containing 1 μM internal standard). Quenchedsamples were stored at 4° C. until the end of the experiment andcentrifuged at 17,000 g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was diluted 1:1with deionized water and analyzed using LC-MS. Percentage remaining ateach time point was calculated based on the peak area ratio (analyteover internal standard) relative to the initial level at time zero.Half-lives were calculated by fitting to a first-order exponential decayequation using Graph Pad Prism.

The results of these assays are provided in Tables 3B-3F, whichindicates the sequence of the peptide from N-terminus to C-terminus atpositions numbered X1-X5 and the N-terminal and C-terminal moieties atR¹ and R², respectively, and which provides the EC50 values obtainedfrom the cAMP assays for both DOR and MOR, as well as stabilityhalf-lives under the indicated conditions. Certain opioid agonistpeptides were dual agonists of both MOR and DOR, whereas others wereselective agonists of either MOR or DOR, or had greater agonist activityfor either MOR or DOR. For EC50 values, * indicates ≤1.0; **indicates >1.0 to ≤10; *** indicates >10 to ≤50; **** indicates >50 to≤200; and ***** indicates >200. For half-life values, * indicates ≤10.0;** indicates >10 to ≤360; *** indicates >360 to ≤1440; and ****indicates >1440.

TABLE 3B MOR and DOR cAMP agonist activity Seq. MOR DOR ID R¹ X1 X2 X3X4 X5 R² EC₅₀ EC₅₀ 1 H— DMT r f K absent OH *** ***** 2 H— DMT r F kabsent NH₂ * ***** 3 H— DMT r Bip K absent NH₂ **** ***** 4 H— DMT r H Kabsent NH₂ *** ***** 5 H— DMT r F N(Me)Lys absent NH₂ * ***** 7 H— DMT rF K absent NH₂ * *** 8 H— DMT N(Me)-a Aba G absent NH₂ * * 9 H— DMT r FSar absent NH₂ * ** 10 H— DMT N(Me)-a F Sar absent NH₂ * ** 11 H— DMT rW N(Me)bAla absent OH * *** 12 H— DMT r Homo-F N(Me)bAla absent OH * *13 H— DMT r 1-Nal (NMeMe)bAla absent OH * ** 14 H— DMT r F (D)N(Me)Pheabsent NH₂ *** 15 H— DMT r F alpha-MePhe absent NH₂ ** 16 H— DMT r FPhe(4-F) absent NH₂ *** 17 H— DMT r F Phe(3,4-diOMe) absent NH₂ ** 18 H—DMT r F HomoPhe absent NH₂ ** 19 H— DMT r Phe(4-F) Sar absent NH₂ * **20 H— DMT r Phe(4-CN) Sar absent NH₂ ** * 21 H— DMT r Tic Sar absent NH₂***** 22 H— DMT r Phe(3,4-diCl) Sar absent NH₂ *** 23 H— DMT r BIP Sarabsent NH₂ * 24 H— DMT r 4-tBu-Phe Sar absent NH₂ ***** 25 H— DMT rPhe(3,4- Sar absent NH₂ ***** diOMe) 26 H— DMT r DPA Sar absent NH₂***** 27 H— DMT r F Octyl Gly absent NH₂ **** 28 H— DMT r F Nle absentNH₂ *** 29 H— DMT r F L absent NH₂ *** 30 H— DMT r F V absent NH₂ ** 31H— DMT r W Nle absent NH₂ *** 32 H— DMT r DPA Sar absent NH₂ ***** 33 H—DMT r G DPA absent NH₂ ***** 34 H— DMT r G W absent NH₂ *** 35 H— DMT rSar W absent NH₂ ***** 36 H— DMT r F DPA absent NH₂ *** 37 H— DMT a G FNle NH₂ * * 38 H— DMT a G Phe(4-F) G NH₂ * * 39 H— DMT a G Phe(4-CN) GNH₂ * * 40 H— DMT a G Tic G NH₂ *** 41 H— DMT a G Phe(3,4-diCl) GNH₂ * * 42 H— DMT a G F Sar NH₂ * 43 H— DMT a G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 44 H—DMT dTic F Sar absent NH₂ * ** 45 H— DMT dTic G F Sar NH₂ * * 46 H— DMTa hF Sar absent NH₂ * * 47 H— DMT a G hF Sar NH₂ * ** 48 H— DMT a hF Nleabsent NH₂ * * 49 H— DMT a G hF Nle NH₂ * ** 50 H— bh-Tyr a G bhF SarNH₂ ***** ***** 51 H— N(Me)-Tyr a G bhF Sar NH₂ ** ***** 52 H—Tyr(3-tBu) a G bhF Sar NH₂ **** ***** 53 H— (D)Tyr a G bhF Sar NH₂ ********** 54 H— h-Tyr a G bhF Sar NH₂ ***** ***** 55 H— Tyr(3-Cl) a G bhFSar NH₂ ** *** 56 H— meta-Tyr a G bhF Sar NH₂ ***** ***** 57 H— Tyr(3-F)a G bhF Sar NH₂ ** ** 58 H— Tyr(3-OH) a G bhF Sar NH₂ **** **** 59 H—Phe(4-NHCOCH₃) a G bhF Sar NH₂ *** **** 60 H— Phe(4-CONH₂) a G bhF SarNH₂ ** ** 61 H— Tic(7-OH) a G bhF Sar NH₂ ***** *** 62 H— Tyr a G bhFSar NH₂ ** ** 63 H— Trp(5-OH) a G bhF Sar NH₂ **** **** 64 H— DMT a SarbhF Sar NH₂ ** **** 65 H— DMT a THP bhF Sar NH₂ **** 66 H— DMT a Ala bhFSar NH₂ * * 67 H— DMT a Leu bhF Sar NH₂ * *** 68 H— DMT a ILeu bhF SarNH₂ * *** 69 H— DMT a Val bhF Sar NH₂ **** 70 H— Phe(DMC)* a G bhF SarNH₂ * * 71 H— Phe(4-(2- a G bhF Sar NH₂ aminoethoxy) 72 H— DMT a Aib bhFSar NH₂ * * 73 H— DMT a bAla bhF Sar NH₂ **** 74 H— Phe(DMC) G G bhF SarNH₂ * * 75 H— Phe(DMC) Aib G bhF Sar NH₂ * *** 76 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Thr GbhF Sar NH₂ ** * 77 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Asp G bhF Sar NH₂ * 78 H— Phe(DMC)N(Me)Arg G bhF Sar NH₂ **** 79 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF Sar OH * * 80 H—Phe(DMC) A G bhF Sar OH ** **** 81 H— DMT G G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 82 H— DMT(D)Thr G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 83 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 84 H— DMT(D)Tyr G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 85 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Tyr G bhF Sar NH₂ * * 86 AcDMT a G bhF Sar NH₂ ** *** 87 H— DMT a G bhF Sar OH * * 88 H— DMT A GbhF Sar OH ** *** 89 H— Phe(4-COOH) a G bhF Sar NH₂ **** **** 90 H— DMTAib G bhF Sar NH₂ * ** 91 H— DMT N(Me)Arg G bhF Sar NH₂ **** 92 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Leu OH ** * 93 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Ala OH * *94 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF Gly NH₂ * ** 95 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Ile OH *** 96 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Val OH * * 97 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhFN(Me)Nva OH * * 98 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)cha OH ** ** 99 H— Phe(DMC)a G bhF N(Me)Phg OH * * 100 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Phe OH ** ** 101 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Nle OH ** * 102 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)TyrOH * * 103 H— Phe(DMC) Tic G bhF Sar NH₂ **** **** 104 H— DMT Tic G bhFSar NH₂ **** **** 105 H— Phe(4-tetrazolyl) a G bhF Sar NH₂ **** **** 106H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Trp OH ** ** 107 H— DMT a G Tic Sar NH₂ *** 108H— Phe(DMC) a G Tic Sar NH₂ ** *** 109 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-Cl) Sar NH₂110 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-I) Sar NH₂ 111 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)Ala OH * *112 H— DMT a G bhF Gly NH₂ * * 113 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)ILe OH * * 114 H—DMT a G bhF 2-Nal NH₂ ** ** 115 H— DMT a G bhF N(ocytyl)Gly NH₂ *** ***116 H— DMT a G bhF N(isopentyl)Gly NH₂ * * 117 H— DMT a G bhF N(3-NH₂ * * isopropyloxypropyll) Gly 118 H— DMT a G bhF N(benzyl)Gly NH₂ * *119 H— DMT a G bhF N(cyclohexylmethyl) NH₂ * ** Gly 120 H— DMT a G bhFN(3-propionic NH₂ * * acid)Gly 121 H— DMT a G bhF N(Phenethyl)GlyNH₂ * * 122 H— DMT a G bhF N(Trifluoroethyl)Gly NH₂ * * 123 H— DMT a GbhF N(Cyclohexyl)Gly NH₂ * * 124 H— DMT a G bhF N(amyl)Gly NH₂ * * 125H— DMT a G bhF N(hexadecyl)Gly NH₂ ** ** 126 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-Me)N(Me)Leu OH 127 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-Me) N(Me)Leu OH 128 H— Phe(DMC) aG bhF(4Me) N(Me)Leu OH 129 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-F) N(Me)Nle OH 130 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-F) N(Me)Nle OH 131 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-F) N(Me)LeuOH 132 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-Br) N(Me)Nle OH 133 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhF(3-Br) N(Me)Nle OH 134 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-Br) N(Me)Nle OH 135 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-NO2) N(Me)Nle OH 136 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-I)N(Me)Nle OH * * 137 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)Leu OH 138 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-OH) or bhTyr N(Me)Leu OH 139 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhWN(Me)Nle OH * ** 140 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)Nle OH * * 141 H— DMT a GbhF(3-Me) N(Me)Nle OH * * 142 H— DMT a G bhF(4Me) N(Me)Nle OH ** * 143H— DMT a G bhF(2-F) N(Me)Nle OH * * 144 H— DMT a G bhF(3-F) N(Me)NleOH * * 145 H— DMT a G bhF(4-F) N(Me)Nle OH * * 146 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Br)N(Me)Nle OH * * 147 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Br) N(Me)Nle OH 148 H— DMT a GbhF(4-Br) N(Me)Nle OH 149 H— DMT a G bhF(4-NO2) N(Me)Nle OH 150 H— DMT aG bhF(4-I) N(Me)Nle OH * * 151 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)Nle OH * * 152H— DMT a G bhF(4-OH) N(Me)Nle OH * * 153 H— DMT a G bhW N(Me)Nle OH ** *

TABLE 3C MOR and DOR agonist activity of additional opioid agonistpeptides Seq. MOR DOR ID R¹ X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 R² EC₅₀ nM EC₅₀ nM 154 H— DMTa G (D)N(Me)Phe N(Me)Nle OH * * 155 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Leu OH * * 156H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Cha OH * ** 157 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Phg OH * * 158H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Phe OH * * 159 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Nle OH * * 160H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Tyr OH * * 161 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Val OH * * 162H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Nva OH * * 163 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF (2-Me) N(Me)NleOH ** 164 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF (3-Me) N(Me)Nle OH * * 165 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhF (4-Me) N(Me)Nle OH * * 166 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF (4-F) N(Me)Nle OH * *167 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF (3-Cl) N(Me)Nle OH * * 168 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhYN(Me)Nle OH ** * 169 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Leu OH * * 170 H— DMT(D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Ala OH * * 171 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Trp OH * *172 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Ile OH * * 173 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhFN(Me)-Val OH * * 174 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Nva OH * * 175 H— DMT(D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Cha OH * * 176 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Phg OH * *177 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF N(Me)-Phe OH * * 178 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhFN(Me)-Nle OH * * 179 H— DMT (D)Asp G bhF Gly NH₂ * * 180 H— DMT (D)Asp GbhF N(Me)-Tyr OH * * 181 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)Nle NH₂ 182 H— DMT(D)Thr G bhF N(Me)-Ile OH * * 183 H— DMT (D)Thr G bhF N(Me)-Ala OH * *184 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Nva NH₂ * * 185 H— DMT (D)Glu G bhF N(Me)-AlaOH ** * 186 H— DMT (D)Glu G bhF N(Me)-Ile OH ** * 187 H— DMT (D)Glu GbhF Sar NH₂ * ** *Phe(DMC)—Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)

TABLE 3D Gastric and Plasma stability of opioid agonist peptides Seq.SGF half-life SIF half-life Plasma half-life ID (min) (min) (min) 37** * *** 43 **** *** *** 50 *** 51 *** 52 *** 53 *** 54 *** 55 *** 56*** 57 **** *** 58 *** 66 ** **** 70 ** **** 72 ** **** 73 ** **** 76 ****** 79 **** **** 81 **** **** 82 **** **** 83 **** **** **** 84 ******** 85 *** **** 87 *** **** 92 **** **** 93 **** **** 96 **** **** 99**** **** 101 **** **** 102 **** **** 111 **** **** 112 **** **** 116**** **** 117 **** **** 118 **** **** 140 *** *** 155 **** **** 157 ****159 **** **** 161 **** **** 165 **** ** 166 **** **** 167 **** **** 179**** ****

TABLE 3E Additional opioid agonist peptides. Seq. ID R¹ X1 X2 X3 X4 X5R² 188 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 189 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhF(3-Me) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 190 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-Me) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 191 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-F) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 192 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-F) N(Me)LeuNH₂ 193 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-F) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 194 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhF(2-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 195 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 196 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 197 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-NO2)N(Me)Leu NH₂ 198 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-I) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 199 H— Phe(DMC) aG bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 200 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-OH) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 201H— Phe(DMC) a G bhW N(Me)Leu NH₂ 202 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)Leu NH₂203 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Me) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 204 H— DMT a G bhF(4Me) N(Me)LeuNH₂ 205 H— DMT a G bhF(2-F) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 206 H— DMT a G bhF(3-F)N(Me)Leu NH₂ 207 H— DMT a G bhF(4-F) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 208 H— DMT a GbhF(2-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 209 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 210 H— DMTa G bhF(4-Br) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 211 H— DMT a G bhF(4-NO2) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 212 H—DMT a G bhF(4-I) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 213 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 214H— DMT a G bhF(4-OH) N(Me)Leu NH₂ 215 H— DMT a G bhW N(Me)Leu NH₂ 216 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Leu NH₂ 217 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Ala NH₂ 218H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Ile NH₂ 219 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Val NH₂220 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Nva NH₂ 221 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)chaNH₂ 222 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Phg NH₂ 223 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhFN(Me)Phe NH₂ 224 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Nle NH₂ 225 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhF N(Me)Tyr NH₂ 226 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF N(Me)Trp NH₂ 227 H— DMT a G bhFN(Me)Ala NH₂ 228 H— DMT a G bhF Gly OH 229 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)ILe NH₂230 H— DMT a G (D)N(Me)Phe N(Me)Nle NH₂ 231 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Leu NH₂232 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Cha NH₂ 233 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Phg NH₂ 234 H—DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Phe NH₂ 235 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Nle NH₂ 236 H— DMT aG bhF N(Me)-Tyr NH₂ 237 H— DMT a G bhF N(Me)-Val NH₂ 238 H— DMT (D)Thr GbhF N(Me)-Nva OH 239 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Thr G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 240 H—Phe(DMC) (D)Thr G bhF(3-Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 241 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Thr GbhF(4-Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 242 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-F) N(Me)-Leu OH 243 H—Phe(DMC) a G bhF(3-F) N(Me)-Leu OH 244 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Thr G bhF(4-F)N(Me)-Leu OH 245 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(2-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH 246 H— Phe(DMC)a G bhF(3-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH 247 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH248 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-NO2) N(Me)-Leu OH 249 H— Phe(DMC) a G bhF(4-I)N(Me)-Leu OH 250 H— Phe(DMC) (D)Thr G bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)-Leu OH 251 H—Phe(DMC) (D)Thr G bhF(4-OH) or bhTyr N(Me)-Leu OH 252 H— Phe(DMC) a GbhW N(Me)-Leu OH 253 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 254 H— DMT a GbhF(3-Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 255 H— DMT a G bhF(4Me) N(Me)-Leu OH 256 H— DMT aG bhF(2-F) N(Me)-Leu OH 257 H— DMT a G bhF(3-F) N(Me)-Leu OH 258 H— DMTa G bhF(4-F) N(Me)-Leu OH 259 H— DMT a G bhF(2-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH 260 H—DMT a G bhF(3-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH 261 H— DMT a G bhF(4-Br) N(Me)-Leu OH 262H— DMT a G bhF(4-NO2) N(Me)-Leu OH 263 H— DMT a G bbF(4-I) N(Me)-Leu OH264 H— DMT a G bhF(3-Cl) N(Me)-Leu OH 265 H— DMT a G bhF(4-OH) N(Me)-LeuOH 266 H— DMT a G bhW N(Me)-Leu OH

TABLE 3F MOR and DOR agonist activity of additional opioid agonistpeptide dimers having the indicated structures shown below.R¹-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-LINKER-X5-X4-X3-X2-X1-R¹ (Dimer A)R¹-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-Lys-LINKER-Lys-X5-X4-X3-X2-X1-R¹ (Dimer B)R¹-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5-(D)Lys-LINKER-(D)Lys-X5-X4-X3-X2-X1-R¹ (Dimer C) Seq.MOR DOR ID R¹ X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 Linker EC₅₀ EC₅₀ 267 H— DMT a G bhF Sarlysine * * (Dimer A) 268 H— DMT a G bhF NMe- lysine * * Ala (Dimer A)269 H— DMT a G bhF NMe- lysine ** ** Ile (Dimer A) 270 H— DMT a G bhFSar D- ** ** lysine (Dimer A) 271 H— DMT a G bhF Sar DIG ** ** (Dimer C)272 H— DMT a G bhF Sar PEG13 (Dimer B) 273 H— DMT a G bhF Sar PEG25(Dimer B)

Example 4 Opioid Agonist Peptides Inhibit Gastro Intestinal Motility

The ability of orally administered opioid agonist peptides disclosedherein to inhibit gastro intestinal mobility was demonstrated using ananimal model based on a charcoal meal test assay.

Gastro Intestinal Motility Charcoal Transit Assay

Animals were treated with 0.2 mL croton oil 96 and 72 hours before thegastro intestinal transit (GIT) assay. Animals were fasted overnightprior to charcoal meal dosing. Test and control articles wereadministered (PO, IP) followed by an oral dose of aqueous suspension of5% charcoal in 10% gum arabic. Three illustrative peptides disclosedherein were tested, Peptide A (SEQ ID NO:43), Peptide B (SEQ ID NO:66)and Peptide C (SEQ ID NO:70). Charcoal meal test were given 30 minpost-test article dose. Twenty minutes after administration of thecharcoal test meal, animals were euthanized via CO₂ inhalation followedby cervical dislocation, and the small and large intestines wereexamined to evaluate GI transit and motility. GI transit is expressed asa percentage of the distance traveled by the charcoal test meal dividedby the length of the intestine.

The three opioid agonist peptides tested were all MOR and DOR agonists,although they showed greater agonism of MOR as compared to DOR. Allthree of the opioid agonist peptides had a half-life in SIF greater than1290 minutes. In addition, all three of the opioid agonist peptidesinhibited gastrointestinal (GI) motility; Peptide A, orally dosed at 30mg/Kg, inhibited GI mobility by 59%, whereas Peptide B and Peptide C,both orally dosed at 20 mg/Kg, inhibited GI mobility by 31% and 54%,respectively. Table 4 summarizes this date; for EC50 values, * indicates≤1.0; for SIF half-life values, **** indicates >1290; for ratio, *indicates between 0.1 and 0.3 and ** indicates between 0.3 and 0.6; andfor % inhibition of GI motility, * indicates between 30% and 50% and **indicates between 50% and 100%.

TABLE 4 MOR and DOR agonist activity, gastric stability, and inhibitionof gastric motility of opioid agonist peptides Ratio (MOR MOR cAMP DORcAMP EC50/DOR SIF % I of GI Peptide (EC50 nM) (EC50 nM) EC50) (min)motility Peptide A * * * **** ** Peptide B * * * **** * Peptide C * * ****** **

This date demonstrates these peptides ability to agonize the MOR and DORpathways, their stability in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and theirability to inhibit gastro intestinal motility in vivo when orallyadministered.

The inhibition of small intestine motility by orally administeredPeptide A was compared to the inhibition of small intestine motility byorally administered eluxadoline. As shown in FIG. 1A, Peptide A showedslightly greater inhibition of small intestine motility at all dosestested as compared to eluxadoline. Similarly, Peptide A showed greaterinhibition of GI transit at all doses tested as compared to eluxadoline(FIGS. 1B and 1C).

Example 5 Opioid Agonist Peptides Reduce Pain

The ability of orally administered opioid agonist peptides disclosedherein to reduce pain was demonstrated using an animal pain model.

Acetic Acid or Acetylcholine Writhing Assay

Animals were fasted overnight prior to the start of the assay. Test andcontrol article doses, ranging from 3-50 mg/kg, were administered (PO)followed by an IP injection of acetic acid (1.0%) or acetylcholine (10mg/kg), and immediately placed in a viewing chamber. The animals wereobserved for a total of 10 minutes for the presence or absence ofabdominal constriction response, beginning immediately afteradministration of the acetic acid or acetylcholine. Writhing (abdominalconstriction) was defined as a contraction of the abdominal musculatureaccompanied by arching of the back and extension of the limbs. Latencyto first writhe and total number of writhes were recorded. Test articlesincluded oral eluxadoline and two illustrative opioid peptides disclosedherein, Peptide A and Peptide D; and control articles includedloperamide and morphine

The results of one writhing study are provided in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Thesedata demonstrate that the Peptide A opioid agonist significantly reducedvisceral pain at 30 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. Loperamide served as a positivecontrol. The effects of Peptide A and Peptide D were also compared toEluxadoline. The results of this writhing study are provided in FIGS. 3Aand 3B. The positive effect of Peptide A indicates the advantagesassociated with dual agonism of MOR and DOR, e.g., as compared toeluxadoline, a MOR agonist that showed little effect on pain. Loperamideand morphine served as positive controls.

All publications and patent applications described herein are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from its structures, methods, or other essentialcharacteristics as broadly described herein and claimed hereinafter. Thedescribed embodiments are to be considered in all respects only asillustrative, and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is,therefore, indicated by the appended claims, rather than by theforegoing description. All changes that come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within theirscope.

1.-19. (canceled)
 20. A method of inhibiting or reducing pain:gastrointestinal motility in a subject in need thereof, comprisingproviding to the subject an effective amount of an opioid agonistpeptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence of FormulaIa: (SEQ ID NO: 357) X1-X2-X3-X4-X5 (Formula Ia)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: X1 isTyr, DMT, or Phe(4-COX); X2 is any amino acid; X3 is any amino acid; X4is Sar, or bhF unsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F,3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH; and X5 is absent or anyamino acid; wherein DMT is 2,6-dimethyltyrosine; Phe(4-COX) issubstituted or unsubstituted

wherein X is substituted or unsubstituted OH or NH₂; and provided thatwhen X1 is Tyr; then X4 is bhF unsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me,3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH, and X5is N-methylamino acid.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptideis according to Formula XIIIa, XIIIb, or XIIIc: (SEQ ID NO: 343)R¹-DMT-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R² (XIIIa); (SEQ ID NO: 344)R¹-Phe(4-COX)-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R² (XIIIb); or (SEQ ID NO: 345)R¹-Tyr-X2-X3-bhF-X5-R² (XIIIc);

wherein DMT, Phe(4-COX), X2, X3 and X5 are as described in claim 1; bhFis unsubstituted or substituted with 2-Me, 3-Me, 4-Me, 2-F, 3-F, 4-F,2-Cl, 3-Cl, 4-Cl, 2-OH, 3-OH, or 4-OH; R¹ is H or acetyl; and R² is OHor NH₂; provided that when the peptide is according to formula XIIIc,then X5 is a N-methylamino acid.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein X3is (D)Phe, Phe, Bip, His, Aba, Trp, homo-Phe, 1-Nal, Phe(4-F),Phe(4-CN), Tic, Phe(3,4-dichloro), Phe(4-tBu), Phe(3,4-dimethoxy), DPA,Gly, Sar, THP, Ala, Leu, Ile, Val, Aib, or Ala.
 23. The method of claim20, wherein the amino acid sequence is according to Formula XIVa, XIVb,or XIVc: (SEQ ID NO: 346) R¹-DMT-X2-G-bhF-X5-R² (XIVa); (SEQ ID NO: 347)R¹-Phe(DMC)-X2-G-bhF-X5-R² (XIVb); or (SEQ ID NO: 348)R¹-Tyr-X2-G-bhF-X5-R² (XIVc)

wherein Phe(DMC) is Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂); R¹ is H or acetyl; and R²is OH or NH₂.
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein X2 is (D)Glu, (D)Arg,N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys, (D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Tyr.25. The method of claim 20, wherein the amino acid sequence is accordingto Formula XVa, XVb, XVc, XVd, XVIa, XVIb, XVIc, or XVId:(SEQ ID NO: 349) R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVa); (SEQ ID NO: 350)R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVb); (SEQ ID NO: 351)R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVc); (SEQ ID NO: 352)R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVd); (SEQ ID NO: 353)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVIa); (SEQ ID NO: 354)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVIb); (SEQ ID NO: 355)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVIc); (SEQ ID NO: 356)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-X5-R² (XVId)

wherein R¹ is H or acetyl; and R² is OH or NH₂.
 26. The method of claim20, wherein X5 is (D)Glu, (D)Arg, N(Me)-(D)Ala, (D)Ala, (D)Tic, (D)Lys,(D)Orn, (D)Thr, (D)Asp, or (D)Tyr, Sar, N(Me)Phg, N(Me)Cha, N(Me)Tyr,N(Me)Nle, N(Me)Ile, N(Me)Ala, N(Me)Val, N(Me)Leu, N(Me)Phe.
 27. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the amino acid sequence is according toFormula XVIIa, XVIIb, XVIIc, XVIId, XVIIe, XVIIf, XVIIg, XVIIh, XVIIi,XVIIj, XVIIk, XVIIl, XVIIIa, XVIIIb, XVIIIc, XVIIId, XVIIIe, XVIIIf,XVIIIg, XVIIIh, XVIIIi, XVIIIj, XVIIIk, or XVIIIl: (SEQ ID NO: 43)R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIa); (SEQ ID NO: 82)R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIb); (SEQ ID NO: 82)R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIc); (SEQ ID NO: 187)R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIId); (SEQ ID NO: 111)R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIe); (SEQ ID NO: 170)R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIf); (SEQ ID NO: 183)R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIg); (SEQ ID NO: 185)R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIh); (SEQ ID NO: 113)R¹-DMT-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIi); (SEQ ID NO: 172)R¹-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIj); (SEQ ID NO: 182)R¹-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIk); (SEQ ID NO: 186)R¹-DMT-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIl); (SEQ ID NO: 70)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIIa); (SEQ ID NO: 77)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIIb); (SEQ ID NO: 76)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIIc); (SEQ ID NO: 330)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-Sar-R² (XVIIId); (SEQ ID NO: 217)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIIe); (SEQ ID NO: 331)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIIf); (SEQ ID NO: 332)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIIg); (SEQ ID NO: 333)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeAla-R² (XVIIIh); (SEQ ID NO: 218)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Ala-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIIi); (SEQ ID NO: 334)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Asp-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIIj); (SEQ ID NO: 335)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Thr-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIIk); or (SEQ ID NO: 336)R¹-Phe(DMC)-(D)Glu-G-bhF-NMeIle-R² (XVIIIl);

wherein R¹ is H or acetyl; and R² is OH or NH₂.
 28. The method of claim21, wherein R¹ is H.
 29. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is:(SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 43)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 82)H-DMT-((D)Thr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 82)H-DMT-((D)Thr)-Gly-(β-homoPhe)-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 99)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 99)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Phg-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 101)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly- (b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Nle-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 101) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-(D)Ala-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Nle-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 175)H-DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Cha-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 175)H-DMT-(D)Asp-Gly-(b-homoPhe)-N(Me)Cha-NH₂; (SEQ ID NO: 111)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 183)H-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 83)H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-OH; (SEQ ID NO: 83) H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH;(SEQ ID NO: 70) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂;(SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle- OH;or (SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle-NH₂.


30. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is: (SEQ ID NO: 43)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂; or (SEQ ID NO: 43) H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH.


31. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is: (SEQ ID NO: 111)H-DMT-a-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 183)H-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH.


32. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is: (SEQ ID NO:83)H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-OH; or (SEQ ID NO:83) H-DMT-(D)Asp-G-bhF-Sar-NH2.


33. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is: (SEQ ID NO: 70)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-OH; or (SEQ ID NO: 70)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂.


34. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is: (SEQ ID NO: 166)H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle- OH; or(SEQ ID NO: 166) H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF(4-F)-N(Me)Nle- NH₂.


35. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide is H-DMT-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂(SEQ ID NO:43).
 36. The method of claim 20, wherein the peptide isH-DMT-(D)Thr-G-bhF-N(Me)Ala-OH (SEQ ID NO:183).
 37. The method of claim20, wherein the peptide is H-Phe(2,6-dimethyl-4-CONH₂)-a-G-bhF-Sar-NH₂(SEQ ID NO:70).